Fayl:Metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons with major reactions.png
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| Taʼrif | Diagram appeared in an article in a CC-by licensed journal. The figure description provided by the article: "Thick arrows show uptake and release reactions. Dashed arrows indicate shuttle of metabolites between two cell types. Glutamate and α-ketoglutarate in transamination reactions are abbreviated as GLU and AKG, respectively. All reactions considered in the modeling are given in additional file 1 [see Reaction set below]. The reaction numbers in the figure refer to the numbering in the reaction list of additional file 1. Here we only depict major reactions for simplicity." |
| Sanasi | |
| Manba | Cakir, Tunahan; Selma Alsan, Hale Saybasili, Ata Akin, Kutlu Ulgen (2007). "Reconstruction and flux analysis of coupling between metabolic pathways of astrocytes and neurons: application to cerebral hypoxia". Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling 4 (1): 48. DOI:10.1186/1742-4682-4-48. ISSN 1742-4682. Retrieved on 2007-12-17. |
| Muallif | Prepared by User:OldakQuill from diagram in journal article (see source). Authors of article: Tunahan Cakir, Selma Alsan, Hale Saybasili, Ata Akin, Kutlu Ulgen |
| Ruxsat (Bu faylning takror foydalanilishi) |
  This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
|
| Other versions | Original on page 50 of http://www.tbiomed.com/content/pdf/1742-4682-4-48.pdf |
Reaction set
This is a list of reactions shown in the diagram. Labels in the diagram refer to reactions listed here. This list is provided as a supplemental file to the article entitled "Reaction Set of Metabolic Reconstruction for Astrocytes and Neurons" [1].
In metabolite names as suffix, A: astrocytic, N: neuronal. For cofactors: M indicates mitochondrial localization of the corresponding reaction. If there is no M, this means that the reaction is located in cytosol. ‘EX’ as suffix for metabolite names indicates extracellular version of that metabolite.
- GLYCOLYSIS (ASTROCYTES)
- R1a : Glucose_A + ATP_A → Glucose-6-phosphate_A + ADP_A
- R2a : Glucose-6-phosphate_A ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate_A
- R3a : Fructose-6-phosphate_A + ATP_A → Fructose-1-6- biphosphate_A + ADP_A
- R4a : Fructose-1-6- biphosphate_A ↔ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_A + Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_A
- R5a : Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_A ↔ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_A
- R6a : Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_A + NAD_A ↔ 1-3-biphosphoglycerate_A + NADH_A
- R7a : 1-3-biphosphoglycerate_A + ADP_A ↔ 3-phosphoglycerate_A + ATP_A
- R8a : 3-phosphoglycerate_A ↔ 2-phosphoglycerate_A
- R9a : 2-phosphoglycerate_A ↔ Phosphoenol-pyruvate_A
- R10a : Phosphoenol-pyruvate_A + ADP_A → Pyruvate_A + ATP_A
- R11a : Pyruvate_A + NADH_A ↔ Lactate_A + NAD_A
- R12a : Pyruvate_A + ATP_A + CO2_A → Oxoloacetate_A + ADP_A
- R13a : Pyruvate_A + NAD_AM → Acetyl-CoA_A + CO2_A + NADH_AM
- PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (ASTROCYTES)
- R14a : Glucose-6-phosphate_A + NADP_A → 6-phosphoglucone_A + NADPH_A
- R15a : 6-phosphoglucone_A ↔ 6-phosphogluconate_A
- R16a : 6-phosphogluconate_A + NADP_A → Ribulose-5-phosphate_A + NADPH_A + CO2_A
- R17a : Ribulose-5-phosphate_A ↔ Xylulose-5-phosphate_A
- R18a : Ribulose-5-phosphate_A ↔ Ribose-5-phosphate_A
- R19a : Ribose-5-phosphate_A + Xylulose-5-phosphate_A ↔ Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate_A Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_A
- R20a : Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate_A + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_A ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate_A + Erythrose-4-phosphate_A
- R21a : Xylulose-5-phosphate_A + Erythrose-4-phosphate_A ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate_A + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_A
- TCA CYCLE (ACTROCYTES)
- R22a : Oxoloacetate_A + Acetyl-CoA_A → Citrate_A
- R23a : Citrate_A ↔ Isocitrate_A
- R24a : Isocitrate_A + NAD_AM → alpha-ketoglutarate_A + NADH_AM + CO2_A
- R25a : Isocitrate_A + NADP_A → alpha-ketoglutarate_A + NADPH_A + CO2_A
- R26a : Isocitrate_A + NADP_AM → alpha-ketoglutarate_A + NADPH_AM + CO2_A
- R27a : alpha-ketoglutarate_A + NAD_AM → Succinyl-CoA_A + NADH_AM + CO2_A
- R28a : Succinyl-CoA_A + ADP_A ↔ Succinate_A + ATP_A
- R29a : Succinate_A + FAD_AM ↔ Fumarate_A + FADH2_AM
- R30a : Fumarate_A ↔ Malate_A
- R31a : Malate_A + NAD_AM → Oxoloacetate_A + NADH_AM
- R32a : Malate_A + NAD_A → Oxoloacetate_A + NADH_A
- R33a : Malate_A + NADP_A → Pyruvate_A + NADPH_A + CO2_A
- R34a : NADP_AM + NADH_AM → NADPH_AM + NAD_AM
- OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND ATPASE (ASTROCYTES)
- R35a : 6 ADP_A + 2 NADH_AM + 1 O2_A → 6 ATP_A + 2 NAD_AM
- R36a : 4 ADP_A + 2 FADH2_AM + 1 O2_A → 4 ATP_A + 2 FAD_AM
- R37a : ATP_A → ADP_A
- GLYCOLYSIS (NEURONS)
- R38n : Glucose_N + ATP_N → Glucose-6-phosphate_N + ADP_N
- R39n : Glucose-6-phosphate_N ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate_N
- R40n : Fructose-6-phosphate_N + ATP_N → Fructose-1-6- biphosphate_N + ADP_N
- R41n : Fructose-1-6- biphosphate_N ↔ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_N + Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_N
- R42n : Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_N ↔ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_N
- R43n : Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_N + NAD_N ↔ 1-3-biphosphoglycerate_N + NADH_N
- R44n : 1-3-biphosphoglycerate_N + ADP_N ↔ 3-phosphoglycerate_N + ATP_N
- R45n : 3-phosphoglycerate_N ↔ 2-phosphoglycerate_N
- R46n : 2-phosphoglycerate_N ↔ Phosphoenol-pyruvate_N
- R47n : Phosphoenol-pyruvate_N + ADP_N → Pyruvate_N + ATP_N
- R48n : Pyruvate_N + NADH_N ↔ Lactate_N + NAD_N
- R49n : Pyruvate_N + NAD_NM → Acetyl-CoA_N + CO2_N + NADH_NM
- PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (NEURONS)
- R50n : Glucose-6-phosphate_N + NADP_N → 6-phosphoglucone_N + NADPH_N
- R51n : 6-phosphoglucone_N ↔ 6-phosphogluconate_N
- R52n : 6-phosphogluconate_N + NADP_N → Ribulose-5-phosphate_N + NADPH_N + CO2_N
- R53n : Ribulose-5-phosphate_N ↔ Xylulose-5-phosphate_N
- R54n : Ribulose-5-phosphate_N ↔ Ribose-5-phosphate_N
- R55n : Ribose-5-phosphate_N + Xylulose-5-phosphate_N ↔ Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate_N + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_N
- R56n : Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate_N + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_N ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate_N + Erythrose-4-phosphate_N
- R57n : Xylulose-5-phosphate_N + Erythrose-4-phosphate_N ↔ Fructose-6-phosphate_N + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_N
- TCA CYCLE (NEURONS)
- R58n : Oxoloacetate_N + Acetyl-CoA_N → Citrate_N
- R59n : Citrate_N ↔ Isocitrate_N
- R60n : Isocitrate_N + NAD_NM → alpha-ketoglutarate_N + NADH_NM + CO2_N
- R61n : Isocitrate_N + NADP_NM → alpha-ketoglutarate_N + NADPH_NM + CO2_N
- R62n : Isocitrate_N + NADP_N → alpha-ketoglutarate_N + NADPH_N + CO2_N
- R63n : alpha-ketoglutarate_N + NAD_NM → Succinyl-CoA_N + NADH_NM + CO2_N
- R64n : Succinyl-CoA_N + ADP_N ↔ Succinate_N + ATP_N
- R65n : Succinate_N + FAD_NM ↔ Fumarate_N + FADH2_NM
- R66n : Fumarate_N ↔ Malate_N
- R67n : Malate_N + NAD_NM → Oxoloacetate_N + NADH_NM
- R68n : Oxoloacetate_N + NADH_N → Malate_N + NAD_N
- R69n : Malate_N + NADP_NM → Pyruvate_N + NADPH_NM + CO2_N
- R70n : NADP_NM + NADH_NM → NADPH_NM + NAD_NM
- OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND ATPASE (NEURONS)
- R71n : 6 ADP_N + 2 NADH_NM + 1 O2_N → 6 ATP_N + 2 NAD_NM
- R72n : 4 ADP_N + 2 FADH2_NM + 1 O2_N → 4 ATP_N + 2 FAD_NM
- R73n : ATP_N → ADP_N
- GLUTAMATE – GLUTAMINE CYCLE
- R74n : alpha-ketoglutarate_N + NH3_N + NADPH_NM ↔ Glutamate_N + NADP_NM
- R75c : Glutamate_N + ATP_A → Glutamate_A + ADP_A
- R76a : alpha-ketoglutarate_A + NH3_A + NADPH_AM ↔ Glutamate_A + NADP_AM
- R77a : Glutamate_A + NH3_A + ATP_A → Glutamine_A + ADP_A
- R78c : Glutamine_A → Glutamine_N
- R79n : Glutamine_N → Glutamate_N + NH3_N
- GABA CYCLE
- R80n : Glutamate_N → GABA_N + CO2_N
- R81c : GABA_N ↔ GABA_A
- R82a : GABA_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A → Glutamate_A + SuccinateSAL_A
- R83a : SuccinateSAL_A + NAD_AM → NADH_AM + Succinate_A
- R84n : GABA_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N → Glutamate_N + SuccinateSAL_N
- R85n : SuccinateSAL_N + NAD_NM → NADH_NM + Succinate_N
- ASPARTATE METABOLISM
- R86n : Oxoloacetate_N + Glutamate_N ↔ Aspartate_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N
- R87c : Aspartate_N ↔ Aspartate_A
- R88a : Aspartate_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A ↔ Oxoloacetate_A + Glutamate_A
- ALANINE METABOLISM
- R89n : Pyruvate_N + Glutamate_N ↔ alpha-ketoglutarate_N + Alanine_N
- R90c : Alanine_N ↔ Alanine_A
- R91a : Alanine_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A ↔ Pyruvate_A + Glutamate_A
- GLYCINE-SERINE METABOLISM (tetrahydrofolate and methylenetetrahydrofolate are not included in the stoichiometric matrix)
- R92a : 3-phosphoglycerate_A + Glutamate_A + NAD_A → Serine_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A + NADH_A
- R93a : Serine_A → Pyruvate_A + NH3_A
- R94c : Serine_A → Serine_N
- R95n : Serine_N → Glycine_N
- R96c : Glycine_N → Glycine_A
- R97a : Glycine_A + NAD_AM → CO2_A + NH3_A + NADH_AM
- R98a : Glycine_A → Serine_A
- LEUCINE METABOLISM
- R99a : Leucine_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A → KIC_A + Glutamate_A
- R100a : KIC_A + NAD_AM → Isovaleryl-CoA_A + CO2_A + NADH_AM
- R101a : Isovaleryl-CoA_A + FAD_AM + CO2_A + ATP_A → Acetoacetate_A + Acetyl-CoA_A + FADH2_AM + ADP_A
- R102a : Acetoacetate_A + Succinyl-CoA_A → Acetoacetyl-CoA_A + Succinate_A
- R103a : Acetoacetyl-CoA_A → 2 Acetyl-CoA_A
- R104c : KIC_A → KIC_N
- R105n : KIC_N + Glutamate_N → Leucine_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N
- R106c : Leucine_N → Leucine_A
- VALINE METABOLISM (r110a is shared with isoleucine metabolism)
- R107a : Valine_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A → KIV_A + Glutamate_A
- R108a : KIV_A + NAD_AM → Isobutyryl-CoA_A + CO2_A + NADH_AM
- R109a : Isobutyryl-CoA_A + FAD_AM + 2 NAD_AM → FADH2_AM + 2 NADH_AM + CO2_A + Propionyl-CoA_A
- R110a : Propionyl-CoA_A + CO2_A + ATP_A → Succinyl-CoA_A + ADP_A
- R111c : KIV_A → KIV_N
- R112n : KIV_N + Glutamate_N → Valine_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N
- R113c : Valine_N → Valine_A
- ISOLEUCINE METABOLISM
- R114a : Isoleucine_A + alpha-ketoglutarate_A → KMV_A + Glutamate_A
- R115a : KMV_A + NAD_AM → Methylbutyryl-CoA_A + CO2_A + NADH_AM
- R116a : Methylbutyryl-CoA_A + FAD_AM + NAD_AM → FADH2_AM + NADH_AM + Propionyl-CoA_A + Acetyl-CoA_A
- R117c : KMV_A → KMV_N
- R118n : KMV_N + Glutamate_N → Isoleucine_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N
- R119c : Isoleucine_N → Isoleucine_A
- LYSINE METABOLISM
- R120n : Lysine_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N + NADPH_N → Saccharopine_N + NADP_N
- R121n : Saccharopine_N + NAD_N → Glutamate_N + NADH_N + 2-aminoadipate semialdehyde_N
- R122n : 2-aminoadipate semialdehyde_N + alpha-ketoglutarate_N + 1 NAD_N → alpha-ketoadipate_N + Glutamate_N + 1 NADH_N
- R123n : alpha-ketoadipate_N + 2 NAD_NM + FAD_NM → Acetoacetyl-CoA_N + 2 NADH_NM + FADH2_NM + 2 CO2_N
- R124n : Acetoacetyl-CoA_N → 2 Acetyl-CoA_N
- PHENYLALANINE-TYROSINE METABOLISM
- R125n : Phenylalanine_N + O2_N + NADPH_N → Tyrosine_N + NADP_N
- R126n : Tyrosine_N + O2_N → L-DOPA_N
- R127n : L-DOPA_N → Dopamine_N + CO2_N
- R128n : Dopamine_N + O2_N → Norepinephrine_N
- R129n : Norepinephrine_N → Epinephrine_N
- R130c : Dopamine_N → Dopamine_A
- R131a : Dopamine_A → Norepinephrine_A
- TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM
- R132n : Tryptophan_N + O2_N → 5- hydroxytryptophan_N
- R133n : 5- hydroxytryptophan_N → Seratonin_N + CO2_N
- R134n : Seratonin_N → Melatonin_N
- ACETYLCHOLINE METABOLISM
- R135n : Choline_N + Acetyl-CoA_N ↔ Acetylcholine_N
- CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS (Astrocyte Only)
- R136a: 18 Acetyl-CoA_A + 18 ATP_A + 11 O2_A + 29 NADPH_A + 2 NAD_A → 9 CO2_A + Cholesterol_A + 2 NADH_A + 18 ADP_A + 29 NADP_A
- R137c: Cholesterol_A → Cholesterol_N
- FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
- R138a : 8 Acetyl-CoA_A + 7 ATP_A + 14 NADPH_A → Palmitate_A + 7 ADP_A + 14 NADP_A
- R139a : 9 Acetyl-CoA_A + 8 ATP_A + 16 NADPH_A → Stearate_A + 8 ADP_A + 16 NADP_A
- R140a : 9 Acetyl-CoA_A + 8 ATP_A + 15 NADPH_A → Oleate_A + 8 ADP_A + 15 NADP_A
- R141a : Linoleate_A + 2 O2_A + 2 NADH_A + ATP_A + CO2_A + Acetyl-CoA_A → Arachidonate_A + ADP_A + 2 NAD_A
- R142a : Linolenate_A + 3 O2_A + 3 NADH_A + 2 ATP_A + 2 CO2_A + 2 Acetyl-CoA_A → Decosahexenoate_A + 2 ADP_A + 3 NAD_A
- R143n : 8 Acetyl-CoA_N + 7 ATP_N + 14 NADPH_N → Palmitate_N + 7 ADP_N + 14 NADP_N
- R144n : 9 Acetyl-CoA_N + 8 ATP_N + 16 NADPH_N → Stearate_N + 8 ADP_N + 16 NADP_N
- R145n : 9 Acetyl-CoA_N + 8 ATP_N + 15 NADPH_N → Oleate_N + 8 ADP_N + 15 NADP_N
- R146c : Arachidonate_A → Arachidonate_N
- R147c : Decosahexenoate_A → Decosahexenoate_N
- LIPID SYNTHESIS (Astrocytes & Neurons)
- R148a : 0.270 Palmitate_A + 0.276 Stearate_A + 0.249 Oleate_A + 0.108 Arachidonate_A + 0.094 Decosahexenoate_A → 1 FattyAcid_A
- R149n : 0.270 Palmitate_N + 0.276 Stearate_N + 0.249 Oleate_N + 0.108 Arachidonate_N + 0.094 Decosahexenoate_N → 1 FattyAcid_N
- R150a : Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_A + NADH_A → Glycerol-3-phosphate_A + NAD_A
- R151a : Glycerol-3-phosphate_A + FAD_AM → Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_A + FADH2_AM
- R152a : Glycerol-3-phosphate_A + 2 FattyAcid_A → Phosphatidate_A
- R153a : Phosphatidate_A + 3 ATP_A + Ethanolamine_A → 3 ADP_A + Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_A
- R154a : Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_A → Phosphatidyl-choline_A
- R155a : Choline_A + 3 ATP_A + Phosphatidate_A → Phosphatidyl-choline_A + 3 ADP_A
- R156a : Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_A + Serine_A → Ethanolamine_A + Phosphatidyl-serine_A
- R157a : Phosphatidyl-serine_A → Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_A + CO2_A
- R158n : Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate_N + FADH2_NM → Glycerol-3-phosphate_N + FAD_NM
- R159n : Glycerol-3-phosphate_N + 2 FattyAcid_N → Phosphatidate_N
- R160n : Phosphatidate_N + 3 ATP_N + Ethanolamine_N → 3 ADP_N + Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_N
- R161n : Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_N → Phosphatidyl-choline_N
- R162n : Choline_N + 3 ATP_N + Phosphatidate_N → Phosphatidyl-choline_N + 3 ADP_N
- R163n : Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_N + Serine_N → Ethanolamine_N + Phosphatidyl-serine_N
- R164n : Phosphatidyl-serine_N → Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_N + CO2_N
- R165a : 0.52 Cholesterol_A + 0.24 Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_A + 0.23 Phosphatidyl-choline_A + 0.09 Phosphatidyl-serine_A → Lipid_A
- R166n : 0.52 Cholesterol_N + 0.24 Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine_N + 0.23 Phosphatidyl-choline_N + 0.09 Phosphatidyl-serine_N → Lipid_N
- REACTIVE oXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) PATHWAY
- R167a : Cystine_A + NADH_A → 2 Cysteine_A + NAD_A
- R168a : Cysteine_A + Glutamate_A + Glycine_A + 2 ATP_A → ReducedGlutathione_A + 2ADP_A
- R169a : O2_A → H2O2_A
- R170a : 2 ReducedGlutathione_A + H2O2_A → OxidizedGlutathione_A
- R171a : OxidizedGlutathione_A + NADPH_A → 2 ReducedGlutathione_A + NADP_A
- R172a : OxidizedGlutathione_A + NADPH_AM → 2 ReducedGlutathione_A + NADP_AM
- R173a : H2O2_A → O2_A
- R174a : ReducedGlutathione_A + Glutamine_A → Glutamate_A + NH3_A + CysteinylGlycine_A
- R175c : CysteinylGlycine_A → CysteinylGlycine_N
- R176n : CysteinylGlycine_N → Cysteine_N + Glycine_N
- R177n : Cysteine_N + Glutamate_N + Glycine_N + 2 ATP_N → ReducedGlutathione_N + 2ADP_N
- R178n : O2_N → H2O2_N
- R179n : 2 ReducedGlutathione_N + H2O2_N → OxidizedGlutathione_N
- R180n : OxidizedGlutathione_N + NADPH_N → 2 ReducedGlutathione_N + NADP_N
- R181n : OxidizedGlutathione_N + NADPH_NM → 2 ReducedGlutathione_N + NADP_NM
- R182n: H2O2_N → O2_N
- GLYCOGEN DEGRADATION METABOLISM (active in stressed conditions)
- R183a : Glycogen → Glucose-1-phosphate_A
- R184a : Glucose-1-phosphate_A → Glucose-6-phosphate_A
- EXCHANGE REACTIONS
- LACatr : Lactate_A → Lactate_AEX
- LACntr : Lactate_N → Lactate_NEX
- CO2atr : CO2_A → CO2_AEX
- CO2ntr : CO2_N → CO2_NEX
- GLNatr : Glutamine_A → Glutamine_AEX
- DOPntr : Dopamine_N → Dopamine_NEX
- NOREPntr: Norepinephrine_N → Norepinephrine_NEX
- EPntr : Epinephrine_N → Epinephrine_NEX
- NOREPatr: Norepinephrine_A → Norepinephrine_AEX
- SERTntr : Seratonin_N → Seratonin_NEX
- MELTntr : Melatonin_N → Melatonin_NEX
- CHLNntr : Acetylcholine_N → Acetylcholine_NEX
- LPDntr : Lipid_N → Lipid_NEX
- LPDatr : Lipid_A → Lipid_AEX
- LNLTatr : Linoleate_AEX → Linoleate_A
- LNLNTatr : Linolenate_AEX → Linolenate_A
- CHLntr : Choline_NEX → Choline_N
- CHLatr : Choline_AEX → Choline_A
- CYSatr : Cystine_AEX → Cystine_A
- GSHntr : ReducedGlutathione_N → ReducedGlutathione_NEX
- GLCatr : GLC_AEX → Glucose_A
- GLCntr : GLC_NEX → Glucose_N
- O2atr : O2_AEX → O2_A
- O2ntr : O2_NEX → O2_N
- LEUatr : LEU_AEX → Leucine_A
- ILEatr : ILE_AEX → Isoleucine_A
- VALatr : VAL_AEX → Valine_A
- TYRntr : TYR_NEX → Tyrosine_N
- TRPntr : TRP_NEX → Tryptophan_N
- LYSntr : LYS_NEX → Lysine_N
- PHEntr : PHE_NEX → Phenylalanine_N
- NH3atr : NH3_AEX → NH3_A
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| joriy | 17:13, 2007-yil 17-dekabr | | 995 × 665 (295 KB) | OldakQuill | {{Information |Description=The figure description provided by the article (CC-BY): "Thick arrows show uptake and release reactions. Dashed arrows indicate shuttle of metabolites between two cell types. Glutamate and α-ketoglutarate in transamination reac |
| 17:08, 2007-yil 17-dekabr |  | 995 × 665 (2,53 MB) | OldakQuill | {{Information |Description=The figure description provided by the article (CC-BY): "Thick arrows show uptake and release reactions. Dashed arrows indicate shuttle of metabolites between two cell types. Glutamate and α-ketoglutarate in transamination reac |
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