Khulm Daryosi

Khulm daryosi ( Daryo -i Xulm ; muqobil yozilishi: Xolm ; muqobil nomi: Toshqoʻrgʻon daryosi ) ^[1] — Shimoliy-Markaziy Afgʻonistondagi daryo. Oʻzining quyi oqimida Khulm va Haybak, bugun Balx viloyatidan oʻtadi. Khulm Oksus havzasining irmog'idir. Uning manbai Khulm shahrining janubida joylashgan. Keyinchalik yuqoriga qarab Samangan shahri va Samangan viloyatidan o'tadi. Khulm daryosi Qunduz viloyatining gʻarbiy chegarasini tashkil qiladi.^[2]

Geografiyasi

Tog'lar Koh-i-Babadan Khulm daryosigacha cho'zilganligi sababli toshloq qurg'oqchilik bilan ajralib turadi. Ba'zida landshaft o'simliklar bilan qoplangan chuqur vodiylarga aylanadi. Daryo jinslari qumtosh va ohaktoshlardan tashkil topgan.^[3]

Khulm daryosi Amudaryoning irmoqlaridan biri, Markaziy Osiyodagi yirik daryo. U "ko'r daryo" yoki "tabiiy daryo" deb nomlanadi, chunki u o'z havzasi chegarasida mahalliy foydalanish tufayli quriydi va Amudaryoga yetib bormaydi. Faqat yuqori oqimli yillar bundan mustasno. Khulm daryosi Qorakoʻtal dovonidan boshlanib, daralardan oqib oʻtib, Toshqoʻrgʻon shahri yaqinidagi keng vodiyga chiqadi. 3600 m balandlikdagi daryoning umumiy uzunligi 230 km ga yaqin. U 8,400 km ² suv havzasini tashkil qiladi. Yillik suv oqimi turli baholovchilar tomonidan 58,2 dan 67 million m ³ gacha o'zgarib turadi. Kobul va Mozori Sharif oʻrtasidagi yoʻl daryo oqimi boʻylab boradi.^[4] Bomian va Badaxshon yoʻllarining tutashgan joyida Khulm daryosi togʻlardan Kholm shahri yonidan chiqadi.^[5]

Khulm Oxusga yetib borgunga qadar toʻliq sugʻorish uchun ishlatiladi.^[2] 1896-yilda Kin qishloqning cho'lni bosib olishi haqida yozgan, buning natijasida Khulm daryosi Qorako'x tepaliklaridan o'tib, Oksusga yetib bormaydi.^[6]

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Khulm sohillari yaqinida pista yetishtiruvchilar

Khulm daryosining qirg'oqlari boy qishloq xo'jaligi hududlari bo'lib, u o'tgan vodiylar yonbag'irlarida yam-yashil tepaliklarga ega. Afg'onistonning ushbu mintaqasidagi ko'plab fermerlar qishloq xo'jaligi, xususan, mevalar uchun daryoga bog'liq.^[7]

Manbalar

↑ Noelle, Christine. State and tribe in nineteenth-century Afghanistan: the reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Psychology Press, 1997 — 61-bet. ISBN 0-7007-0629-1.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1888). "Afghanistan". The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. 1. H.G. Allen. 242–243 b. https://books.google.com/books?id=TKcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242. Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1888). "Afghanistan". The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. Vol. 1. H.G. Allen. pp. 242–243.
↑ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1843). "Turkistan". The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 25. C. Knight. 413 b. https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA413.
↑ „Water Resource Development In Northern Afghanistan and Its Implications::Working paper 12“ 2, 11–12. World Bank. 2016-yil 3-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-oktyabr.
↑ Keane, Augustus Henry. Asia...: Southern and western Asia. E. Stanford, 1896 — 33-bet.
↑ Keane, p. 18
↑ „IDEA-NEW protects 500 hectares of orchards from floods in Khulm District of Balkh“. USAID (2010-yil 15-avgust). 2010-yil 5-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-avgust.

[Noelle-1] Noelle, Christine. State and tribe in nineteenth-century Afghanistan: the reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Psychology Press, 1997 — 61-bet. ISBN 0-7007-0629-1.

[EncycBrit-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1888). "Afghanistan". The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. 1. H.G. Allen. 242–243 b. https://books.google.com/books?id=TKcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242. Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1888). "Afghanistan". The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. Vol. 1. H.G. Allen. pp. 242–243.

[Pennycyclopædia-3] Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1843). "Turkistan". The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 25. C. Knight. 413 b. https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA413.

[River-4] „Water Resource Development In Northern Afghanistan and Its Implications::Working paper 12“ 2, 11–12. World Bank. 2016-yil 3-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-oktyabr.

[5] Keane, Augustus Henry. Asia...: Southern and western Asia. E. Stanford, 1896 — 33-bet.

[6] Keane, p. 18

[USAID-7] „IDEA-NEW protects 500 hectares of orchards from floods in Khulm District of Balkh“. USAID (2010-yil 15-avgust). 2010-yil 5-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-avgust.

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