Joseph Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn (/ˈhaɪdən/ HY-dən ,nemischa: Franz Joseph Haydn; nemischa: [ˈfʁants ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdn̩] ( tinglang); 31-mart 1732-yil, Rorau – 1809-yil 31-may, Vena) – avstriyalik klassik davr bastakori. U torli kvartet va pianino triosi kabi musiqalarning rivojlanishida muhim rol oʻynadi. Uning musiqiy shaklga qoʻshgan hissasi uni „ Simfoniyaning otasi“ va „ Torli kvartetining otasi“ deb atalishiga sabab boʻldi.

Franz Joseph Haydn
Tavalludi	31-mart 1732-yil Rorau, Avstriya
Vafoti	31-may 1809-yil(1809-05-31) (77 yoshda) Vena, Avstriya
Fuqaroligi	Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi
Otasi	Matias Gaydn

Tomas Xardi tomonidan Gaydn portreti, 1791

U Motsartning doʻsti va ustozi, Betxovenning tarbiyachisi va bastakor Mixael Gaydnning akasi edi.

Hayoti va faoliyati

Aziz Stefan cherkovi . Oldinda Gaydn xor guruhida payti yashagan Kapellhaus (1804-yilda vayron qilingan) joylashgan.

Yozef Gaydn oʻsha paytda Vengriya bilan chegarada joylashgan qishloq Avstriyaning Rorau shahrida tugʻilgan. Uning otasi Matias Gaydn, gʻildirak ustasi, u Marktrichter yoki bozor nazoratchisi boʻlib ham ishlagan. Gaydnning onasi Mariya, qizlik familiyasi Koller, Rohrauning rais aristokrati graf fon Garrax, Aloys Tomas Raymund saroyida oshpaz boʻlib ishlagan. Hech bir ota-ona musiqa oʻqiy olmadi; ammo, Matias gʻayratli xalq musiqachisi boʻlib, oʻz faoliyati davomida sayohat paytida oʻzi arfa chalishni oʻrgangan. Gaydnning keyingi xotiralariga koʻra, uning oilasi juda musiqaga muhabbatli boʻlgan va ular tez-tez birga va qoʻshnilari bilan qoʻshiq aytishgan.

Keyinchalik tez-tez och qolishini va kiyimining iflos holatidan xoʻrlanganini eslagan Gaydn uchun Frankh xonadonidagi hayot oson emas edi. U oʻsha yerda musiqiy mashgʻulotni boshlagan va tez orada klavesin va skripka chaalishni boshlagan. Shuningdek, u cherkov xorida trebl qismlarini kuylagan.

Gaydn cherkov yonidagi Kapellhausda Roytter, Roytter oilasi va 1745-yildan keyin uning ukasi Mixaelni oʻz ichiga olgan boshqa toʻrtta xor ijrochilari bilan birga yashagan. Xor oʻquvchilariga lotin tili va boshqa maktab fanlari, shuningdek, ovoz, skripka va klaviatura boʻyicha koʻrsatmalar berilardi. Roytter Gaydnga musiqa nazariyasi va kompozitsiya sohasida juda oz yordam berdi va unga xor mutaxassisi sifatida faqat ikkita dars berdi. Biroq, St. Stephen Yevropaning yetakchi musiqa markazlaridan biri boʻlganligi sababli, Gaydn u yerda professional musiqachi sifatida xizmat qilish orqali juda koʻp narsalarni oʻrgandi.

1749-yilga kelib, Gaydn jismonan yetuklashib, yuqori xor qismlarini kuylay olmadi. Empress Mariya Tereziyaning oʻzi Roytterga uning qoʻshiq kuylashidan shikoyat qilib, uni „qargʻa“ deb atagan. Bir kuni Gaydn oʻrtoq xoristga qoʻpol hazil qildi. Bu Roytter uchun yetarli edi: Gaydn avvaliga savalandi, keyin esa ishdan boʻshatildi va koʻchaga haydab yuborildi. U bir necha oy davomida oilasining gavjum garret xonasini Gaydn bilan baham koʻrgan doʻsti Iogann Mixael Shpangler tomonidan qabul qilish baxtiga muyassar boʻldi. Gaydn darhol mustaqil musiqachi sifatida faoliyatini boshladi.

Kapellmeister yillari

Venadan Eisenstadtdan uzoqroq boʻlgan Esterházyning uzoqligi Gaydnni asta-sekin oʻzini yolgʻiz his qilishga olib keldi. U Vena shahriga doʻsti tufayli tashrif buyurishni orzu qilgandi. Ulardan, ayniqsa, muhimi, 1789-yilda bastakor bilan yaqin platonik munosabatlarni boshlagan knyaz Nikolausning Venadagi shaxsiy shifokorining rafiqasi Maria Anna von Gentsinger (1754-1793) bilan boʻlgan. Gaydn Genzinger xonimga tez-tez xat yozib, Esterházadagi yolgʻizligini va Venaga bir necha marta tashrif buyurganidan xursandligini izhor qilib turardi. Keyinchalik Gaydn unga Londondan tez-tez xat yozib turdi. 1793-yilda uning bevaqt oʻlimi Gaydn uchun zarba boʻldi va uning pianino uchun kichik oʻzgarishlari, Hob. XVII:6, uning oʻlimiga javoban yozilgan boʻlishi mumkinligi tahmin qilinadi.

London sayohatlari

1790-yilda knyaz Nikolaus vafot etdi va uning oʻrniga uning oʻgʻli Anton knyaz etib tayinlandi. Vaqt oʻtgandan soʻng, Anton saroy musiqachilarining koʻpini ishdan boʻshatish orqali tejamkorlikka intildi. Gaydn Anton bilan nominal uchrashuvni saqlab qoldi, 400 florin miqdoridagi kamaytirilgan maosh, shuningdek, Nikolausdan 1000 florinlik pensiya. Anton Gaydn xizmatlariga juda muhtoj boʻlmagani uchun unga sayohat qilishga ruxsat berishga tayyor edi va bastakor nemis skripkachisi va impresariosi Iogann Piter Salomonning Angliyaga tashrif buyurishi va katta orkestr bilan yangi simfoniyalarga dirijyorlik qilish taklifini qabul qildi.

Tanlov oqilona boʻldi, chunki Gaydn allaqachon u yerda juda mashhur bastakor edi. 1782-yilda Iogann Xristian Bax vafot etganidan keyin Londondagi konsert sahnasida Gaydn musiqasi hukmronlik qildi; Gaydnning ishi Londondagi nashriyotlar, jumladan Forster (Gaydn bilan shartnomasi boʻlgan) va Longman & Broderip (Gaydnning Vena nashriyotchisi Artaria uchun Angliyada agent boʻlib ishlagan) tomonidan keng tarqatildi. Gaydnni Londonga olib kelishga urinishlar 1782-yildan beri olib borilgan edi, ammo Gaydning shahzoda Nikolausga sodiqligi bu taklifni qabul qilishga xalaqit bergan edi.

Manbalar

Bibliografiyasi

Biografik manbalar

• Deutsch, Otto Erich. Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965. 
• Dies, Albert Christoph. Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben. Vienna: Camesinaische Buchhandlung, 1810.  English translation in: Dies, Albert Christoph „Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn“, . Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits, (translation by Vernon Gotwals) Gotwals: , Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9.  One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer’s old age.
• Finscher, Ludwig. Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 2000. ISBN 978-3-921518-94-6.  Highly detailed discussion of life and work; in German.
• Geiringer, Karl. Haydn: A Creative Life in Music, 3rd, University of California, 1982. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9.  The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.
• Griesinger, Georg August „Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn“, . Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits Vernon Gotwals: . Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9.  A translation from the original German: . Like Dies’s, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.
• Hadden, James. Haydn. J. Dent, 1902.  Reissued 2010 by Cambridge University Press.
• Hughes, Rosemary. Haydn, Revised, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970. ISBN 978-0-460-02281-1.  Originally published in 1950. Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydnʼs life, along with a survey of the music.
• Jones, David Wyn. The Life of Haydn. Oxford University Press, 2009a.  Focuses on biography rather than musical works; an up-to-date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydnʼs life and times.
• Jones, David Wyn. Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford University Press, 2009b.  A comprehensive one-volume collection of detailed contributions by Haydn scholars.
• Landon, H. C. Robbins. Haydn: Chronicle and Works. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1976–1980. ISBN 978-0-253-37003-7.  An extensive compilation of original sources in five volumes.
• Landon, H. C. Robbins. Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9.  Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.
• Larsen, Jens Peter (1980). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.  Published separately as The New Grove: Haydn. New York: Norton, 1982. ISBN 978-0-393-01681-9. 
• Redfern, Brian L.. Haydn: A Biography, with a Survey of Books, Editions & Recordings (en). Archon Books, 1970. ISBN 978-0-208-00886-2. 
• Webster, James; Feder, Georg (2001). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.  Published separately as a book: Webster, James. The New Grove Haydn. New York: Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-516904-1.  Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation; covers both life and music, and includes a very detailed list of works.

Tanqid va tahlil

• Brendel, Alfred „Does classical music have to be entirely serious?“, . Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration Margalit: . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001 — 193–204-bet. ISBN 978-0-226-84096-3.  On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven.
• Proksch, Bryan. Reviving Haydn: New Appreciations in the Twentieth Century. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-58046-512-0.  Surveys the decline in Haydnʼs reputation in the nineteenth century before examining the factors that led to a resurgence in the twentieth.
• Rosen, Charles. The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, 2nd, New York: Norton, 1997. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1.  First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydnʼs output and seeks to explicate Haydnʼs central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.
• Rosen, Charles. Sonata forms, 2nd, New York: Norton, 1988. . Further discussion of Haydnʼs style and technique as it relates to sonata form.
• Sisman, Elaine. Haydn and the Classical Variation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-674-38315-9. 
• Sutcliffe, W. Dean (1989). "Haydn's Musical Personality". The Musical Times 130 (1756): 341–344. doi:10.2307/966030. ISSN 0027-4666. 
• Webster, James. Haydn's "Farewell" symphony and the idea of classical style: through-composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-38520-6.  This book focuses on a single work, but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general.

Adabiyotlar

• Celestini, Federico „Aspekte des Erhabenen in Haydns Spätwerk“, . Arbeit am Kanon Celestini: . Vienna: Universal Edition, 2010 — 16–41-bet. ISBN 978-3-7024-6967-2.  On the sublime in Haydnʼs later works; in German.
• The Cambridge Companion to Haydn, Cambridge Companions to Music Clark: . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-521-83347-9.  Covers each of the genres Haydn composed in as well as stylistic and interpretive contexts and performance and reception.
• The Cambridge Haydn Encyclopedia Clark: . Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2019. ISBN 9781107129016.  Sixty-seven scholars contribute over eighty entries as well as seven longer thematic essays on biography and identity, ideas, institutions, musical materials, people and networks, performance, and place.
• Griffiths, Paul. The String Quartet. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1983. ISBN 978-0-500-01311-3. 
• Hughes, Rosemary. Haydn String Quartets. London: BBC, 1966.  A brief (55-page) introduction to Haydnʼs string quartets.
• Macek, Bernhard A.. Haydn, Mozart und die Großfürstin. Eine Studie zur Uraufführung der "Russischen Quartette" op. 33 in den Kaiserappartements der Wiener Hofburg (de). Vienna: Schloß Schönbrunn Kultur- und Betriebsges.m.b.H, 2012. ISBN 978-3-901568-72-5. 
• Sutcliffe, W. Dean. Haydn, string quartets, op. 50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-521-39103-0.  Covers not just Op. 50 but also its relevance to Haydnʼs other output as well as his earlier quartets.
• Tolley, Thomas (2017). "'Divorce a la mode': The Schwellenberg Affair and Haydn's Engagement with English Caricature". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography 42 (1–2): 273–307. ISSN 1522-7464. 

Havolalar

• „Jozef Xaydn“ Karl Geiringer, Raymond L. Knapp, HC Robbins Landon, Britannica Encyclopædia
• Jozef Xaydn Instituti (nemis tilida)
• Shimoliy Amerikaning Gaydn jamiyati