Optik oyna

Optik oyna – bu yer atmosferasi tomonidan bloklanmagan toʻlqin uzunliklari diapazoni. Oyna taxminan 300 nanometrdan (ultrabinafsha-B) inson koʻzi aniqlay oladigan diapazongacha, taxminan 400–700 nm va taxminan 2 mkm gacha davom etadi. ^[1] ^[2] Quyosh nurlari asosan optik atmosfera oynasi orqali erga etib boradi; ^[3] ^[4] Quyosh bu diapazonning aksariyat qismida juda faoldir (quyosh chiqaradigan radiatsiyaning 44% koʻrinadigan spektrda, 49% infraqizil spektrda toʻgʻri keladi). ^[5]

Taʼrif

Yer atmosferasi butunlay shaffof emas va koʻp toʻlqin uzunliklari uchun 100% shaffof emas (Erning shaffofligi syujetiga qarang); shaffof boʻlgan toʻlqin uzunligi diapazonlari atmosfera oynalari deb ataladi. ^[6]

"Optik spektr" atamasining maʼnosi

Optik soʻzi qadimgi yunoncha ὀπtῐkos (optikós, „koʻrish uchun yoki koʻrish uchun“) dan kelib chiqqan boʻlsa-da, odatda koʻrinadigan yoki vizual narsani anglatadi, ^[7] optik spektr atamasi koʻrinadigan, ultrabinafsha va nurlarning yigʻindisini tasvirlash uchun ishlatiladi. ^[8] ^[9]

Optik atmosfera oynasi

Atmosfera ustidagi va sirtdagi quyosh nurlanish spektri. Ekstremal UV va rentgen nurlari (koʻrsatilgan toʻlqin uzunligi diapazonining chap tomonida) hosil boʻladi, lekin ular Quyoshning umumiy chiqish quvvatining juda kichik miqdorini tashkil qiladi.

Optik atmosfera oynasi – yer atmosferasidan oʻtadigan elektromagnit spektrning optik qismi, uning infraqizil qismi bundan mustasnodir; ^[10], ilgari aytib oʻtilganidek, optik spektr IR spektrini ham oʻz ichiga oladi va shuning uchun optik oyna infraqizil oynani (8 – 14 mkm) oʻz ichiga olishi mumkin boʻlsa-da, ikkinchisi konventsiya boʻyicha alohida hisoblanadi, chunki bu koʻrinadigan spektrda mavjud emas. ^[11]

Kuzatuv astronomiyasi uchun tarixiy ahamiyati

1940-yillargacha astronomlar kuzatishlari uchun optik spektrning faqat koʻrinadigan qismi va yaqin infraqizil qismlaridan foydalanishlari mumkin edi. Mashhur italyan polimati Galileo Galiley tomonidan qilingan birinchi buyuk astronomik kashfiyotlar optik oyna orqali erga etib kelgan yorugʻlikni qabul qiluvchi optik teleskoplar yordamida qilingan. ^[12] 1940-yillardan keyin radioteleskoplarning rivojlanishi radio oynasidan foydalangan holda radio astronomiyaning yanada muvaffaqiyatli sohasini oʻz ichidan ajralib chiqardi. ^[13]

Shuningdek qarang

Manbalar

↑ Dwivedi, Ravi Shankar. Remote Sensing of Soils (en). Springer, 2017 — 13-bet. ISBN 978-3-662-53740-4. OCLC 959595730.
↑ Thorne, Anne P.. Spectrophysics (en). Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 — 3-bet. ISBN 978-94-009-1193-2. OCLC 906664124.
↑ Fluorocarbons, Environmental and Health Implications: Environmental Impact Statement (en). Food and Drug Administration, 1978 — 79-bet. OCLC 4611045.
↑ Stergis, Christos G.. Rayleigh Scattering in the Upper Atmosphere (en). Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, United States Air Force, 1966 — 273-bet. OCLC 1037802615.
↑ „Climate Science Investigations South Florida - Energy: The Driver of Climate“. www.ces.fau.edu. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 26-dekabr.
↑ „The Atmospheric Window | US Department of Commerce, NOAA“ (EN-US). www.weather.gov. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 26-dekabr.
↑ „Definition of OPTICAL“ (en). www.merriam-webster.com. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 27-dekabr.
↑ Pedrotti, Frank L.. Introduction to optics (English). Cambridge University Press, 2018 — 7–8-bet. ISBN 978-1-108-42826-2. OCLC 1029320342.
↑ Mazda, F. F.. Electronics Engineer's Reference Book (en). Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013 — 9/3-bet. ISBN 978-1-4831-6106-8. OCLC 1100870227.
↑ Kartalopoulos, Stamatios V.. Free space optical networks for ultra-broad band services (English). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell/IEEE, 2011 — 33-bet. ISBN 978-0-470-64775-2. OCLC 773844977.
↑ United States Congress | Committee on Science and Astronautics. 1970 NASA Authorization. hearings before the United States House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Ninety-First Congress, first session, on Mar. 4, 5, 1969. Part 1 (English). Washington: U. S. G. P.O., 1973 — 981-bet. OCLC 968587432.
↑ Drake, Stillman. Galileo at work : his scientific biography, Internet Archive (English), Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1978 — 146-bet. ISBN 978-0-226-16226-3.
↑ Wilson, Thomas. Tools of Radio Astronomy. Springer-Verlag GmbH, 2016 — 1–2-bet. ISBN 978-3-662-51732-1. OCLC 954868912.

[1] Dwivedi, Ravi Shankar. Remote Sensing of Soils (en). Springer, 2017 — 13-bet. ISBN 978-3-662-53740-4. OCLC 959595730.

[2] Thorne, Anne P.. Spectrophysics (en). Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 — 3-bet. ISBN 978-94-009-1193-2. OCLC 906664124.

[:1-3] Fluorocarbons, Environmental and Health Implications: Environmental Impact Statement (en). Food and Drug Administration, 1978 — 79-bet. OCLC 4611045.

[4] Stergis, Christos G.. Rayleigh Scattering in the Upper Atmosphere (en). Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, United States Air Force, 1966 — 273-bet. OCLC 1037802615.

[5] „Climate Science Investigations South Florida - Energy: The Driver of Climate“. www.ces.fau.edu. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 26-dekabr.

[6] „The Atmospheric Window | US Department of Commerce, NOAA“ (EN-US). www.weather.gov. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 26-dekabr.

[7] „Definition of OPTICAL“ (en). www.merriam-webster.com. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 27-dekabr.

[8] Pedrotti, Frank L.. Introduction to optics (English). Cambridge University Press, 2018 — 7–8-bet. ISBN 978-1-108-42826-2. OCLC 1029320342.

[9] Mazda, F. F.. Electronics Engineer's Reference Book (en). Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013 — 9/3-bet. ISBN 978-1-4831-6106-8. OCLC 1100870227.

[10] Kartalopoulos, Stamatios V.. Free space optical networks for ultra-broad band services (English). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell/IEEE, 2011 — 33-bet. ISBN 978-0-470-64775-2. OCLC 773844977.

[11] United States Congress | Committee on Science and Astronautics. 1970 NASA Authorization. hearings before the United States House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Ninety-First Congress, first session, on Mar. 4, 5, 1969. Part 1 (English). Washington: U. S. G. P.O., 1973 — 981-bet. OCLC 968587432.

[12] Drake, Stillman. Galileo at work : his scientific biography, Internet Archive (English), Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1978 — 146-bet. ISBN 978-0-226-16226-3.

[13] Wilson, Thomas. Tools of Radio Astronomy. Springer-Verlag GmbH, 2016 — 1–2-bet. ISBN 978-3-662-51732-1. OCLC 954868912.

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