Rajaz
Rajaz ( رَجَز, soʻzma-soʻz tarjima qilinganda “Tuya orqasida bormoqchi boʻlganida paydo boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan qoʻrquv talvasa, ” [1] ) klassik arab sheʼriy janrida qoʻllanadigan oʻlchovdir . Bu metrda tuzilgan she'r urjūzadir . Hisoblagich qadimgi va klassik arab oyatlarining taxminan 3% ni tashkil qiladi. [2]
Shakl
tahrirBu shaklda (asosiy oyoq) naqshlari mavjud ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ –)Monemonik (Tafoyat) va qisqa boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan biqabi va " ⏓ " مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ qisqa boʻgʻinini anglatadi Mustafʿilun Mustafʿilun Mustafʿilun ). [3] Har ikkala ancepslar bo'g'inining qisqa bo'lishi mustasno , lekin mumkin. Rajaz liniyalari ham yakuniy oyoq bilan catalecticturi bor bor | ⏓ – – |. [4]
Chiziqlar koʻpincha uch futlik (trimetr), lekin ikki fut (dimetr) ham boʻlishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, mumkin boʻlgan shakllar:
- | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | (trimetr)
- | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | ⏓ – – | (trimetr katalektikasi)
- | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | (dimetr)
- | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ – | ⏓ – – | (dimetrli katalektik)
Klassik arab metrlari orasida noyob boʻlgan rajaz chiziqlari hemistishslarga yani yarim sherlarga boʻlinmaydi. [5] Ilk arab shoirlari [6] she’r davomida har bir satrni bir tovushga to'g'irlashgan[7] Rajaz she'riyatining mashhur ko'rinishi muzdavij qofiyasi bo'lib, muzdavija deb nomlangan . [8]
Garchi arab metrlarining eng qadimgi turi keng qoʻllanadi [9] rajaz Islomdan oldingi va undan ham dastlabki davrlarda unchalik ko'p qo'llanilmagan , u qofiyalangan nasriy saj' shakliga o'xshash (va ba'zida undan farq qilib bo'lmaydigan) sifatida ko'rilgan. U odatda past maqomga ega, kundalik janrlarda, masalan, beshiklar yoki improvizatsiya uchun ishlatilgan, bundan tashqari jangga improvizatsiya qilish uchun ishlatilgan.
Rajaz Umaviylar davrining oxirlaridagi shoirlar: Al-'Ajjoj (91/710), Ru'ba (vafoti. 145/762) va Abu an-Najm al-Ijliy (743-yilda vafot etgan) bular shu janrdagi eng mashhur metrdagi uzun qaṣīda uslubidagi barcha kompozitsiyalar. Abu Nuvos ham bu shaklni yaxshi ko'rgan [10]
20-asrda Erkin sheʼr janriga javoban rajaz ham anʼanaviy shaklda, mashhur boʻlgan. Bundan tashqari innovatsion moslashuvlarda arab sherʼiy janrlarida shuhrat qozondi, asrning birinchi yarmida asosiy koʻrsatkichlari boʻlgan shoirlar Ali Mahmud Toho, Ilyos Abu Shabakiy va Badr Shakir as-Sayyob (qarang. uning “Un shudat al-Matar”). [11] 1950-yillardan beri erkin she'rlar ko'pincha rajaz oyoqlariga asoslangan. [12]
Misol
tahrirMashhur, dastlabki misol Hind binti Utbaning (milodiy 6-7 asr) jangga chaqiruv shaklini koʻrsatib | ⏓ ⏓ ⏑ –|⏑ – ⏑ –| birinchi ikkita element asosan uzun, beshinchisi esa har doim qisqa boʻladi.[13]
:نَحْنُ بَنَاتُ طَارِقِ،
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: Biz o'sha toriq qizlarmiz: Biz gilamlar yarmarkasida yuramiz: Bizning bo'yinlarimiz marvaridlar bilan osilgan: Mushk esa sochlarimizda: Agar oldinga chiqsangiz, biz sizni quchoqlaymiz: Yoki qochsang, biz sendan qochamiz: Va endi biz sizni sevmaymiz |
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Asosiy tadqiqotlar
tahrir- Beshta Raǧaz to'plami: (al-Ag'lab al-ʻIǧliy, Bashir ibn an-Nikth, Ǧandal ibn al-Mutanna, Humayd al-Arqat, G'aylon ibn Hurays) , ed. Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Studia Orientalia, 76/Raǧaz she'riyatini o'rganish uchun materiallar, 2 (Xelsinki: Finlandiya Sharq jamiyati, 1995),ISBN 9519380264
- Kichik Raǧaz to'plamlari: (Xitom al-Muǧashiʻiy, ikki Dukayn, al-Quloh ibn Hazn, Abu Muhammad al-Faqʻosiy, Manzur ibn Marthad, Ximyon ibn Quhafa.) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Studia Orientalia, 78/Raǧaz she'riyatini o'rganish uchun materiallar, 3 (Xelsinki: Finlandiya Sharq jamiyati, 1996),ISBN 9519380280
- Manfred Ullmann, Untersuchungen zue Raǧazpoesie. Ein Beitrag zur arabischen Sprach- und Literaturewissenschaft (Viesbaden, 1966)
- D. Frolov, 'Arab oyatlari tarixida Rajazning o'rni', Arab adabiyoti jurnali, 28 (1997), 242-90, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4183399
Manbalar
tahrir- ↑ The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature, ed. by Robert Irwin (London: Penguin, 1999).
- ↑ Bruno Paoli, 'Generative Linguistics and Arabic Metrics', in Towards a Typology of Poetic Forms: From Language to Metrics and Beyond, ed. by Jean-Louis Aroui, Andy Arleo, Language Faculty and Beyond: Internl and External Variation in Linguistics, 2 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2009), pp. 193-208 (p. 203).
- ↑ Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 93.
- ↑ Wright, William (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, vol. 2, p. 362.
- ↑ Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. xxiii.
- ↑ Wright, William (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, vol. 2, p. 362.
- ↑ Geert Jan van Gelder, 'Arabic Didactic Verse', in Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East, ed. by Jan Willem Drijvers and Alasdair A. MacDonald, Brill's Studies in Intellectual History, 61 (Leiden: Brill, 1995), pp. 103-18 (p. 107).
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), s.v. 'Prosody (‘arūḍ)'.
- ↑ Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 93.
- ↑ W. Stoetzer, 'Rajaz', in Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), II 645-46 (p. 646).
- ↑ Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry, trans. by Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Christopher Tingley, 2 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1977), II 607-10.
- ↑ W. Stoetzer, 'Rajaz', in Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), II 645-46 (p. 646).
- ↑ Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 94.