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Cucurbita pepo

Cucurbita pepo - Cucurbita turkumiga mansub madaniy o'simlik. Undan keng tarqalgan qishki qovoq va qovoq navlari olinadi[2].

Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita pepo navlari
Ilmiy tasniflash
O‘simliklar
Yuksak oʻsimliklar
Gulli oʻsimliklar
Ikki urugʻpallalilar
Rosids
Cucurbitales
Qovoqdoshlar
Cucurbita
C. pepo
Binar nomi
Cucurbita pepo

Sinonimlar
  • Citrullus variegatus Schrad. ex M.Roem.
  • Cucumis pepo (L.) Dumort.
  • Cucumis zapallo Steud.
  • Cucurbita aurantia Willd.
  • Cucurbita ceratoceras Haberle ex Mart.
  • Cucurbita clodiensis Nocca
  • Cucurbita courgero Ser.
  • Cucurbita elongata Bean ex Schrad.
  • Cucurbita esculenta Gray
  • Cucurbita fastuosa Salisb.
  • Cucurbita grisea M.Roem.
  • Cucurbita hybrida Bertol. ex Naudin
  • Cucurbita lignosa Mill.
  • Cucurbita mammeata Molina
  • Cucurbita mammosa J.F.Gmel.
  • Cucurbita marsupiiformis Haberle ex M.Roem. [Invalid]
  • Cucurbita melopepo L.
  • Cucurbita oblonga Link
  • Cucurbita polymorpha Duchesne
  • Cucurbita pomiformis M.Roem.
  • Cucurbita pyridaris Duchesne ex Poir.
  • Cucurbita pyxidaris DC.
  • Cucurbita subverrucosa Willd.
  • Cucurbita succado Nägeli ex Naudin
  • Cucurbita succedo Arn.
  • Cucurbita tuberculosa Schrad.
  • Cucurbita urnigera Schrad.
  • Cucurbita variegata Steud.
  • Cucurbita venosa Descourt.
  • Cucurbita verrucosa L.
  • Pepo citrullus Sageret
  • Pepo potiron Sageret
  • Pepo vulgaris Moench

Amerikada ming yillar davomida xonakilashtirilgan[3]. Ba'zi olimlar C. pepo C. texanadan olingan deb ta'kidlaydilar, boshqalari esa C. texana shunchaki yovvoyi C. pepo deb ta'kidlaydilar[4]. Ular, ayniqsa, oziq-ovqat manbai sifatida va tibbiy maqsadlar uchun keng qoʻllanadi. C. pepo C. fraterna bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib tuyuladi, ammo bu aloqaning aniq tabiati ma'lum emas[5].

Turning asosiy zararkunandalari qovun qurti kuya, qovoq tok qurti va bodring qurti. O‘simlikning asosiy changlatuvchisi qovoq asalarilari.

Taksonomiya

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C. pepo turidagi morfologik farqlar shunchalik kattaki, uning kenja turlari va navlari alohida turlar sifatida noto'g'ri aniqlangan. Bu katta farqlar uning geografik tarqalishiga asoslanadi[6]. C. pepo eng qadimgi xonakilashtirilgan turlardan biri hisoblanadi[7][8][9]. O‘simlik yetishtirilganligi ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi joy Meksikaning janubidagi Oaxaka 8,000-10,000 yil oldin va Okampo, Tamaulipasda taxminan 7000 yil oldin yetishtirilgan.

Yevropaliklar kelishidan oldin C. pepo, C. moschata bilan birga, Shimoliy Amerikaning barcha qismlari bo'ylab yetishtirilgan[10]. C. peponing qadimiy hududi shimoldan Texasgacha va Katta Missisipi daryosi vodiysi boʻylab Illinoysga, sharqdan Floridaga va hatto Meyngacha choʻzilgan. Missurida kamida 4000 yil oldin paydo bo'lganligi ma'lum. Ba'zi navlar qurg'oqchil mintaqalarda, ba'zilari nam hududlarda o'sadi[11]. Bu xalqlarning ko'pchiligi, ayniqsa g'arbda, hali ham savdo bozorlarida uchramaydigan turli xil qattiq qovoq va qovoqlarni yetishtirishadi[10]. Shunga qaramay, C. pepo ham, C. moschata ham xuddi shu umumiy mintaqada paydo bo'lgan loviya kabi Janubiy Amerikaga olib kelingan[10].

C. peponing kelib chiqishi haqidagi bahslar 1857-yildan beri davom etmoqda[12]. Uning kelib chiqishi haqida ikkita qarama-qarshi nazariya keltirilgan: 1) C. pepo - C. texananing bevosita avlodi va 2) C. texana - yovvoyi C. pepo[13]. Yana yangi nazariya shundan iboratki, C. pepo C. fraterna avlodi boʻlib, C. texana bilan gibridlangan[14][15][16][17].

Opsimlik dengiz sathidan 2,000 m (6,600 ft) dan biroz balandroqda o‘sadi. Barglari uch-besh bo‘lakli ega, kengligi 20-35 sm.

Yovvoyi C. pepo hali ham Meksikadagi C. fraterna bilan bir xil hududlarda uchraydi. Ularning izofermenlari juda o'xshash. C. pepo C. fraterna bilan C. texanaga qaraganda ko'proq o'xshashliklarga ega. Barcha o'rganilgan C. fraterna allellari C. pepoda ham uchraydi. C. fraterna C. peponing eng yaqin qarindoshi hisoblanadi. C. pepo va C. texana bilan yaxshi chatishadi. Uning odatiy o‘sish joyi quruq tog' butazorlaridir[14][18][19]. 1989-yilda C. pepo ning kelib chiqishi va rivojlanishi bo'yicha o'tkazilgan tadqiqotda, asl yovvoyi namunaning kichik dumaloq mevaga ega ekanligi va zamonaviy qovoq uning bevosita avlodi ekanligini aytildi[20].

Bir nechta taksonlar taklif qilingan, ammo 2012-yilgacha kelib ularning hech biri universal qabul qilinmagan[21]. 2002-yilda Decker-Walters tomonidan taklif qilingan takson konventsiyalari quyidagicha edi:

  • C. pepo subsp. pepo - o'stiriladigan qovoq, ilik, apelsin qovoqlari ("Apelsin to'pi" va "Apelsin siğil")
  • C. pepo subsp. ovifera var. ovifera - o'stiriladigan qiyshiq bo'yinbog'lar, boshoqlar, boshoqlar, ko'pchilik manzarali qovoqlar
  • C. pepo subsp. ovifera var. ozarkana - Katta Missisipi vodiysi va Ozark platosidagi yovvoyi populyatsiyalar
  • C. pepo subsp. ovifera var. texana - Texasdagi yovvoyi populyatsiyalar
  • C. pepo subsp. fraterna - Meksika shimoli-sharqidagi yovvoyi populyatsiyalar

2003-yilgi tadqiqotdan keyin uchta kichik tur tan olindi[22]:

  • Cucurbita pepo subsp. birodar
  • Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo
  • Cucurbita pepo subsp. texana

1986-yilda botanik Parij C. peponing navlarini sakkizta iste‘mol qilish mumkin bo'lgan guruhdan iborat taksonomiyasini taklif qildi[23]. Bu guruhlarga bir nechta C. pepo navlaridan tashqari barchasini kiritish mumkin[24][25][26][27]:

Kultivalar guruhi Botanika nomi Rasm Tavsif
Acorn C. pepo var. turbinata   qishki qovoq, ham butasimon, ham sudraluvchi o'simlik, obovasimon yoki konussimon shaklli[28][25][26]
Kokozel C. pepo var. uzoq   yozgi qovoq, choʻqqisi bir oz piyozsimon boʻlgan uzun yumaloq ingichka mevaga ega[29][28][25][26]
Bo'yinbog' C. pepo var. tortikolliya   yozgi qovoq, butasimon o'simlik, sariq, oltin yoki oq mevali, uchi uzun va kavisli, odatda verrukoza (siğil bilan qoplangan) qobig'iga ega[29], masalan: Sariq qiyshiq qovoq[28][25][26]
Qovoq C. pepo var. pepo
 
 qishki qovoq, sudraluvchi o'simlik, yumaloq, tekis yoki tasvirlar shakli va uchlari yumaloq yoki tekis [29], masalan: Qovoq[28][25][26] tarkibiga C. pepo subsp kiradi. pepo var. styriaca, Shtiriya qovoq urug'i yog'i uchun ishlatiladi[30]
Chig'anoq C. pepo var. clypeata ; Linney C. melopepo deb atagan[11]   yozgi qovoq, yarim butasimon yashash muhitini afzal ko'radi, tekislangan yoki bir oz diskoidal shaklda, to'lqinli yoki ekvator qirralari bilan[29], masalan: Pattypan qovoq[28][25][26]
To'g'ri bo'yin C. pepo var. rektikollis   yozgi qovoq, buta o'simlik, sariq yoki oltin mevali va verrukoza qobig'i bilan, varga o'xshash. torticollia, lekin poya uchi torayib ketadi[29], m.: Sariq yozgi qovoq[28][25][26]
Sabzavot iligi C. pepo var. fastigata   yozgi va qishki qovoqchalar, sudraluvchi belgilar va yarim buta, kremdan to quyuq yashil ranggacha, cho'qqisi biroz keng bo'lgan kalta dumaloq mevalar, [29] masalan: spagetti qovoq (qishki nav) [28] [25] [26]
Qovoq (AQSh)
Qovoq (Buyuk Britaniya, IE) 		C. pepo var. silindrsimon   yozgi qovoq, hozirgi kunda eng keng tarqalgan navlar guruhi, kelib chiqishi yaqinda (XIX asr), yarim butasimon[28] [25][26]
Dekorativ guruchlar C. pepo var. ovifera   yeyilmaydigan[31], dala qovoqlari C. texana bilan chambarchas bog'liq, tokning yashash joyi, ingichka poyasi, mayda barglari, uchta kichik guruhi: C. pepo var. ovifera (tuxumsimon, noksimon), C. pepo var. aurantia (to'q sariq rang) va C. pepo var. verrucosa (yumaloq siğilli guruchlar), manzarali qovoqlar Texasda uchraydi va var deb ataladi. Texasdan tashqarida (Illinoys, Missuri, Arkanzas, Oklaxoma va Luiziana) topilgan texana va manzarali guruchlar var deb ataladi. ozarkana[32].

Tavsif

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Turli xil genetik kelib chiqishi tufayli C. pepo a'zolarining tashqi ko'rinishi, mevalari bilan farqlanadi. O'simliklar odatda sariq rangda gullaydi[33]. Xonakiklashtirilgan turlarning mevalari va urug'lari kattaroq, ammo kamroq[34]. Partenokarpiya C. peponing ayrim navlarida paydo bo'lishi ma'lum[35][36].

Turlari

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C. pepo navlari va navlarining keng assortimentini o'z ichiga oladi[37]:

Foydalanish

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Yangi qovoq spiral chiziqlar bilan kesiladi, xanjarlarga o'raladi va qishda ishlatish uchun quritiladi. Gullar yog'da pishiriladi  va boshqa oziq-ovqatlar bilan birgalikda delikates sifatida ishlatiladi. Yangi qovoq, butun yoki bo'laklangan holda, kulda qovuriladi va oziq-ovqat uchun ishlatiladi. Qovoqlardan piyola yasash va bo‘tqa tayyorlash kabi maqsadlarda foydalanish mumkin[39]. Ulardan qimmatbaho buyumlarni saqlash uchun idishlar ham tayyorlanadi[40].

Galereya

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Manbalar

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  1. ↑ Castellanos Morales, G., Sánchez de la Vega, G., Aragón Cuevas, F., Contreras, A. & Lira Saade, R. 2019. Cucurbita pepo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T20742885A20755901. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T20742885A20755901.en. Downloaded on 25 October 2021.
  2. ↑ „Cucurbita pepo L. field pumpkin“. United States Department of Agriculture. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 26-avgust.
  3. ↑ „Cucurbits“. Purdue University. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 26-avgust.
  4. ↑ Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York: New York Botanical Gardens Press) 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants): 56–68. doi:10.1007/BF02860475. 
  5. ↑ Decker-Walters, Deena S.; Staub, Jack E.; Chung, Sang-Min; Nakata, Eijiro; Quemada, Hector D. (2002). "Diversity in Free-Living Populations of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) as Assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA". Systematic Botany (American Society of Plant Taxonomists) 27 (1): 19–28. 
  6. ↑ Decker-Walters, Deena S.; Staub, Jack E.; Chung, Sang-Min; Nakata, Eijiro; Quemada, Hector D. (2002). "Diversity in Free-Living Populations of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) as Assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA". Systematic Botany (American Society of Plant Taxonomists) 27 (1): 19–28. 
  7. ↑ Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York: New York Botanical Gardens Press) 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants): 56–68. doi:10.1007/BF02860475. 
  8. ↑ Gibbon, Guy E.. Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge, 1998 — 238-bet. ISBN 978-0-815-30725-9. 
  9. ↑ „Free-living Cucurbita pepo in the United States Viral Resistance, Gene Flow, and Risk Assessment“. Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group. 2013-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 8-sentyabr.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Victor E. Boswell and Else Bostelmann. "Our Vegetable Travelers." The National Geographic Magazine. 96.2: August 1949.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Decker-Walters, Deena S.; Staub, Jack E.; Chung, Sang-Min; Nakata, Eijiro; Quemada, Hector D. (2002). "Diversity in Free-Living Populations of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) as Assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA". Systematic Botany (American Society of Plant Taxonomists) 27 (1): 19–28. 
  12. ↑ Kirkpatrick, Kurt J.; Wilson, Hugh D. (1988). "Interspecific Gene Flow in Cucurbita: C. texana vs. C. pepo". American Journal of Botany (Botanical Society of America) 75 (4): 519–527. doi:10.2307/2444217. 
  13. ↑ Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York: New York Botanical Gardens Press) 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants): 56–68. doi:10.1007/BF02860475. 
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Andres, Thomas C. (1987). "Cucurbita fraterna, the Closest Wild Relative and Progenitor of C. pepo". Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report (Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University) 10: 69–71. http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-36.html. 
  15. ↑ Saade. „Cucurbits“. Purdue Horticulture. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-sentyabr.
  16. ↑ Sanjur, Oris I.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Andres, Thomas C.; Wessel-Beaver, Linda (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among Domesticated and Wild Species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) Inferred from a Mitochondrial Gene: Implications for Crop Plant Evolution and Areas of Origin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences) 99 (1): 535–540. doi:10.1073/pnas.012577299. PMID 11782554. PMC 117595. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117595. 
  17. ↑ Soltis, Douglas E.. Isozymes in Plant Biology. London: Dioscorodes Press, 1990-05-31 — 176-bet. ISBN 0-412-36500-6. 
  18. ↑ Sanjur, Oris I.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Andres, Thomas C.; Wessel-Beaver, Linda (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among Domesticated and Wild Species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) Inferred from a Mitochondrial Gene: Implications for Crop Plant Evolution and Areas of Origin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences) 99 (1): 535–540. doi:10.1073/pnas.012577299. PMID 11782554. PMC 117595. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117595. 
  19. ↑ „Free-living Cucurbita pepo in the United States Viral Resistance, Gene Flow, and Risk Assessment“. Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group. 2013-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 8-sentyabr.
  20. ↑ Paris, Harry S. (1989). "Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York Botanical Garden Press) 43 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/bf02935916. 
  21. ↑ Lim, T. K.. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Netherlands: Springer, 2012 — 292-bet. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0. ISBN 978-94-007-1763-3. 
  22. ↑ Paris, H. S.; Yonash, N.; Portnoy, V.; Mozes-Daube, N.; Tzuri, G.; Katzir, N. (April 2003). "Assessment of Genetic Relationships in Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) Using DNA Markers". Theor. Appl. Genet. 106 (6): 971–978. doi:10.1007/s00122-002-1157-0. PMID 12671744. 
  23. ↑ Paris, Harry S. (1989). "Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York Botanical Garden Press) 43 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/bf02935916. 
  24. ↑ Saade. „Cucurbits“. Purdue Horticulture. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-sentyabr.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 25,4 25,5 25,6 25,7 25,8 „Cucurbita pepo“. Missouri Botanical Garden. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-sentyabr.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 26,5 26,6 26,7 26,8 Heistinger, Andrea. The Manual of Seed Saving: Harvesting, Storing, and Sowing Techniques for Vegetables, Herbs, and Fruits. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2013 — 278-bet. ISBN 978-1-60469-382-9. 
  27. ↑ Decker, Deena S.; Wilson, Hugh D. (1987). "Allozyme Variation in the Cucurbita pepo Complex: C. pepo var. ovifera vs. C. texana". Systematic Botany (American Society of Plant Taxonomists) 12 (2): 263–273. doi:10.2307/2419320. 
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 28,4 28,5 28,6 28,7 Saade. „Cucurbits“. Purdue Horticulture. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-sentyabr.
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 29,5 Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named paris1986
  30. ↑ Fürnkranz, Michael; Lukesch, Birgit; Müller, Henry; Huss, Herbert; Grube, Martin; Berg, Gabriele (2012). "Microbial Diversity Inside Pumpkins: Microhabitat-Specific Communities Display a High Antagonistic Potential Against Phytopathogens". Microbial Ecology (Springer) 63 (2): 418–428. doi:10.1007/s00248-011-9942-4. PMID 21947430. https://archive.org/details/sim_microbial-ecology_2012-02_63_2/page/418. 
  31. ↑ Decker, Deena S.; Wilson, Hugh D. (1987). "Allozyme Variation in the Cucurbita pepo Complex: C. pepo var. ovifera vs. C. texana". Systematic Botany (American Society of Plant Taxonomists) 12 (2): 263–273. doi:10.2307/2419320. 
  32. ↑ „Free-living Cucurbita pepo in the United States Viral Resistance, Gene Flow, and Risk Assessment“. Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group. 2013-yil 27-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 8-sentyabr.
  33. ↑ „Cucurbita pepo“. Missouri Botanical Garden. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 26-avgust.
  34. ↑ Paris, Harry S. (1989). "Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York Botanical Garden Press) 43 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/bf02935916. 
  35. ↑ Robinson, R. W.; Reiners, Stephen (July 1999). "Parthenocarpy in Summer Squash". HortScience 34 (4): 715–717. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.34.4.715. http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Menezes, C. B.; Maluf, W. R.; Azevedo, S. M.; Faria, M. V.; Nascimento, I. R.; Gomez, L. A.; Bearzoti, E. (March 2005). "Inheritance of Parthenocarpy in Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)". Genetics and Molecular Research 4 (1): 39–46. PMID 15841434. 
  37. ↑ Nee, Michael (1990). "The Domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)". Economic Botany (New York: New York Botanical Gardens Press) 44 (3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants): 56–68. doi:10.1007/BF02860475. 
  38. ↑ „Heirloom Summer Squash at the Kerr Center“. The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 15-may.
  39. ↑ Stevenson, p. 67
  40. ↑ Stevenson, p. 88 
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