Optik illyuziya
Bu maqolada bir qancha muammolar mavjud. Iltimos, ularni tuzatib yordam qiling yoki shu muammolarni munozara sahifasida muhokama qiling.
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Vizual idrok etishda optik illyuziya ( vizual illyuziya [2] deb ham ataladi) vizual tizim tomonidan yuzaga keladigan va haqiqatdan farqli ko'rinadigan vizual idrok bilan tavsiflangan illyuziyadir . Illuziyalar juda xilma-xil bo'ladi; ularning turkumlanishi qiyin, chunki asosiy sabab ko'pincha aniq emas [3], lekin Richard Gregori tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif [1] [4] yo'nalish sifatida foydalidir. Shunga ko'ra, uchta asosiy sinf mavjud: jismoniy, fiziologik va kognitiv illyuziyalar va har bir sinfda to'rt xil: noaniqliklar, buzilishlar, paradokslar va fantastika. [4] Jismoniy buzilishning klassik misoli suvga yarmi botirilgan tayoqning aniq egilishi bo'lishi mumkin; fiziologik paradoksga misol sifatida harakatdan keyingi ta'sir ko'rsatish mumkin (bu yerda harakatga qaramay, pozitsiya o'zgarishsiz qoladi). [4] Fiziologik fantastikaga misol keyingi tasvirdir . [4] Uchta tipik kognitiv buzilishlar - Ponzo, Poggendorff va Myuller-Lyer illyuziyasi. [4] Jismoniy illyuziyalar jismoniy muhitdan, masalan, suvning optik xususiyatlaridan kelib chiqadi. [4] Fiziologik illyuziyalar ko'z yoki ko'rish yo'lida paydo bo'ladi, masalan, ma'lum bir retseptor turining haddan tashqari stimulyatsiyasi ta'siridan.
Patologik ko'rish illyuziyalari ko'rishning fiziologik mexanizmlaridagi patologik o'zgarishlardan kelib chiqadi, bu illyuziyalarning yuqorida ko'rsatilgan turlarini keltirib chiqaradi; ular, masalan, vizual gallyutsinasyonlar ostida muhokama qilinadigan illyuziyadir.
Optik illyuziyalar, shuningdek, vizual idrok etishni o'z ichiga olgan ko'p sensorli illyuziyalar, shuningdek, ba'zi psixologik kasalliklarni, shu jumladan fantom oyoq sindromi [5] va shizofreniyani kuzatish va reabilitatsiya qilishda qo'llanilishi mumkin deb hisoblaydi. [6]
Jismoniy vizual illyuziyalar
tahrirJismoniy vizual illyuziya uchun tanish hodisa va misol uchun qarasak, tog'lar namligi past bo'lgan ochiq havoda ( Fohn ) ularga qaraganda ancha yaqinroq ko'rinishidir. Buning sababi shundaki, tuman chuqurlikni idrok etish uchun belgi bo'lib, [7] uzoqdagi ob'ektlarning masofasini bildiradi ( Havo nuqtai nazari ).
Jismoniy illyuziyaning klassik misoli suvga yarim botirilgan tayoqning egilgan ko'rinishidir. Bu hodisa Ptolemey tomonidan muhokama qilingan ( tax. 150 ) [8] va koʻpincha illyuziya uchun prototip namunasi boʻlgani uchun keng tarqalgan.
Fiziologik vizual illyuziyalar
tahrirYorqin yorug'likdan keyingi tasvirlar [9] yoki haddan tashqari uzunroq o'zgaruvchan naqshlarning moslashuvchi stimullari ( kontingent idrok etuvchi ta'sir ) kabi fiziologik illyuziyalar haddan tashqari stimulyatsiyaning ko'z yoki miyaga ta'siri yoki kontekstli yoki raqobatdosh stimullar bilan o'zaro ta'siri deb taxmin qilinadigan bo'lsa bu stimullar o'z ichiga taqsimlanadi, ma'lum bir tur - yorqinlik, ranglar, joylashuv, kafel, harxil o'lcham, harakat va boshqalar. Nazariya shundan iboratki, qo'zg'atuvchi vizual ishlov berishning dastlabki bosqichlarida o'zining individual ajratilgan neyron yo'lini kuzatib boradi va udagi intensiv yoki takroriy faoliyat yoki faol qo'shni kanallar bilan o'zaro ta'sir idrokni o'zgartiradigan fiziologik muvozanatni keltirib chiqaradi.
Hermann grid illyuziyasi va Mach diapazonlari ko'pincha biologik yondashuv yordamida tushuntiriladigan ikkita illyuziyadir . Yorug'lik va qorong'i joylardan kelgan retinaning retseptorlari signallari bir-biri bilan raqobatlashadigan lateral inhibisyon, nima uchun biz Mach diapazonlarini ko'rishda ranglar farqining chetida yuqori yorqinlik chiziqlarini ko'rishimizni tushuntirish uchun ishlatilgan. Retseptor faollashgandan so'ng u qo'shni retseptorlarni inhibe qiladi. Ushbu inhibisyon kontrast hosil qiladi, qirralarni ta'kidlaydi. Hermann grid illyuziyasida periferik joylarda chorrahalarda paydo bo'ladigan kulrang dog'lar ko'pincha kattaroq retseptiv maydonlarda atrof-muhit tomonidan lateral inhibisyon tufayli yuzaga keladi. [10] Biroq, Hermann grid illyuziyasining tushuntirishi sifatida lateral inhibisyon rad etildi . [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Optik illyuziyalarga nisbatan so'nggi empirik yondashuvlar lateral inhibisyonga asoslangan nazariyalar kurashgan optik hodisalarni tushuntirishda muvaffaqiyat qozondi , chunki bu hodisalarni vizual ko'z orqali qarasa bo'ldi. [16]
Kognitiv illyuziyalar
tahrirKognitiv illyuziyalar dunyo haqidagi taxminlar bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilish natijasida paydo bo'lib, "ongsiz xulosalar" ga olib keladi, bu g'oya birinchi marta 19-asrda nemis fizigi va shifokori Hermann Helmgolts tomonidan ilgari surilgan. [17] Kognitiv illyuziyalar turlari bo'lgan holatda ba'zi hollara noaniq illyuziyalarga, buzuvchi illyuziyalarga, paradoks xayollarga yoki fantastik illyuziyalarga bo'linadi.
- Noaniq illyuziyalar - bu muqobil talqinlar o'rtasida pertseptiv "o'tish" ni keltirib chiqaradigan rasm yoki ob'ektlar. Necker kubi - bu taniqli misol; boshqa misollar - Rubin vazasi va Kokichi Sugixaraning noaniq silindrli illyuziyasiga asoslangan "chincha" deb ham ataladi. [18]
- Buzuvchi yoki geometrik-optik illyuziyalar o'lcham, uzunlik, joylashuv yoki egrilikning buzilishi bilan tavsiflanadi. Bunga yorqin misol - kafe devori illyuziyasi . Boshqa misollar - mashhur Myuller-Lyer illyuziyasi va Ponzo illyuziyasi .
- Paradoks illyuziyalari (yoki imkonsiz ob'ekt illyuziyalari ) paradoksal yoki imkonsiz bo'lgan ob'ektlar tomonidan yaratilgan, masalan, Penrose uchburchagi yoki imkonsiz zinapoyalar, masalan, MC Escherning "Ko'tarilish va tushish" va "Sharshara " da. Uchburchak - bu qo'shni qirralarning birlashishi kerakligi haqidagi kognitiv tushunmovchilikka bog'liq bo'lgan illyuziya.
- Fantastika - bu figura qo'zg'atuvchida bo'lmasa ham, Kanizsa uchburchagi kabi, illyuzor konturlardan foydalangan holda idrok etilishidir.Misol uchun rasm. [19] [20]
Kognitiv illyuziyalarni tushuntirish
tahrirPertseptiv tashkilot
tahrirDunyoni anglash uchun kiruvchi sezgilarni mazmunli ma'lumotlarga ajratish kerak. Gestalt psixologlarining fikriga ko'ra, buni amalga oshirishning bir usuli individual hissiy stimullarni mazmunli bir butun sifatida qabul qilishdir. [21] Gestalt tashkiloti ko'plab illyuziyalarni, shu jumladan quyon-o'rdak illyuziyasini tushuntirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, bu yerda tasvir umuman o'rdakdan keyin quyondan oldinga va orqaga o'zgaradi va nima uchun figura-yer illyuziyasida rasm va zamin teskari bo'ladi bu hodisalar teskari bo'lib atalishi mumkin.
Chuqurlik va harakatni idrok etish
tahrirIlluziyalar odamning uch o'lchamda ko'rish qobiliyatiga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin, garchi retinaga tushgan tasvir faqat ikki o'lchovli bo'lsa ham bu o'lchovlar o'zini taqsimlanishi . Ponzo illyuziyasi ko'zni aldash uchun chuqurlik idrokining monokulyar belgilaridan foydalanadigan illyuziyaga misoldir. Ammo ikki o'lchovli tasvirlarda ham, miya gorizontal masofalar bilan solishtirganda vertikal masofalarni oshirib yuboradi, chunki vertikal-gorizontal illyuziyada ikkita chiziq aynan bir xil uzunlikda bo'ladi.
Shuningdek qarang
tahrir- Auditory illusion
- Barberpole illusion (Barber's pole)
- Camouflage
- Chronostasis (stopped-clock illusion)
- Closed-eye hallucination/visualization
- Contour rivalry
- Ebbinghaus illusion
- Emmert's law
- Flashed face distortion effect
- Fraser spiral illusion
- Gravity hill
- Human reactions to infrasound
- Hidden faces
- Infinity edge pool
- Kinetic depth effect
- List of optical illusions
- Mirage
- Multistable perception
- Rabbit–duck illusion
- Silencing
- The dress
- Troxler's fading
- Visual space
- Watercolour illusion
Eslatmalar
tahrirUshbu maqola Mirzo Ulug'bek nomidagi O'zbekiston Milliy universiteti Fizika fakulteti talabasi Qandaurova Yuliya tomonidan Wikita'lim loyihasi doirasida ingliz tilidan tarjima qilindi.
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Gregory, Richard (1991). "Putting illusions in their place". Perception 20 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1068/p200001. PMID 1945728. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "Gregory" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ In the scientific literature the term "visual illusion" is preferred because the older term gives rise to the assumption that the optics of the eye were the general cause for illusions (which is only the case for so-called physical illusions). "Optical" in the term derives from the Greek optein = "seeing", so the term refers to an "illusion of seeing", not to optics as a branch of modern physics. A regular scientific source for illusions are the journals Perception and i-Perception
- ↑ Bach, Michael; Poloschek, C. M. (2006). "Optical Illusions". Adv. Clin. Neurosci. Rehabil. 6 (2): 20–21. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120054520/http://www.dfisica.ubi.pt/~hgil/p.v.2/Ilusoes-Visuais/Visual-Illusions.2.pdf. Qaraldi: 2023-06-18.Optik illyuziya]]
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Gregory, Richard L. (1997). "Visual illusions classified". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1 (5): 190–194. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01060-7. PMID 21223901. http://invibe.net/biblio_database_dyva/woda/data/att/c9cf.file.pdf.
- ↑ DeCastro, Thiago Gomes; Gomes, William Barbosa (2017-05-25). "Rubber Hand Illusion: Evidence for a multisensory integration of proprioception". Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana. 35 (2): 219. doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.3430. ISSN 2145-4515.
- ↑ King, Daniel J.; Hodgekins, Joanne; Chouinard, Philippe A.; Chouinard, Virginie-Anne; Sperandio, Irene (2017-06-01). "A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 24 (3): 734–751. doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5. ISSN 1531-5320.
- ↑ Goldstein, E. Bruce. Sensation and Perception. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth, 2002. ISBN 0-534-53964-5. , Chpt. 7
- ↑ Wade, Nicholas J.. A natural history of vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
- ↑ „After Images“. worqx.com. 2015-yil 22-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
- ↑ Pinel, J. (2005) Biopsychology (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-42651-4
- ↑ "The Hermann grid illusion -- retinal or cortical?". Perception 14 (1): A7. 1985.
- ↑ „Stopping the Hermann grid illusion by simple sine distortion“, Perception. Malden Ma: Blackwell, 2004 — 33–53-bet. ISBN 978-0631224211.
- ↑ Schiller, Peter H.; Carvey, Christina E. (2005). "The Hermann grid illusion revisited". Perception 34 (11): 1375–1397. doi:10.1068/p5447. PMID 16355743. Archived from the original on 2011-12-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20111212013609/http://perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p5447. Qaraldi: 2011-10-03.Optik illyuziya]]
- ↑ "Straightness as the main factor of the Hermann grid illusion". Perception 37 (5): 651–665. 2008. doi:10.1068/p5622. PMID 18605141.
- ↑ Bach, Michael (2008). "Die Hermann-Gitter-Täuschung: Lehrbucherklärung widerlegt (The Hermann grid illusion: the classic textbook interpretation is obsolete)". Ophthalmologe 106 (10): 913–917. doi:10.1007/s00347-008-1845-5. PMID 18830602.
- ↑ Howe, Catherine Q.; Yang, Zhiyong; Purves, Dale (2005). "The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry". PNAS 102 (21): 7707–7712. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502893102. PMID 15888555. PMC 1093311. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1093311.
- ↑ David Eagleman. Incogito: The Secret Lives of the Brain. Vintage Books, April 2012 — 33–-bet. ISBN 978-0-307-38992-3. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-avgust.
- ↑ Gili Malinsky. „An optical illusion that seems to be both a circle and a square is baffling the internet — here's how it works“ (en). Insider (2019-yil 22-iyul).
- ↑ Petry, Susan. The Perception of Illusory Contours (en). Springer; 1987th edition, 2012-12-06 — 696-bet. ISBN 9781461247609.
- ↑ Gregory, R. L. (1972). "Cognitive Contours" (en). Nature 238 (5358): 51–52. doi:10.1038/238051a0. PMID 12635278. https://doi.org/10.1038/238051a0. Qaraldi: 2021-09-04.Optik illyuziya]]
- ↑ Myers, D. (2003). Psychology in Modules, (7th ed.) New York: Worth. ISBN 0-7167-5850-4
Adabiyotlar
tahrir- Bach, Michael; Poloschek, C. M. (2006). "Optical Illusions". Adv. Clin. Neurosci. Rehabil. 6 (2): 20–21. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120054520/http://www.dfisica.ubi.pt/~hgil/p.v.2/Ilusoes-Visuais/Visual-Illusions.2.pdf. Qaraldi: 2023-06-18.Optik illyuziya]]
- Changizi, Mark A.; Hsieh, Andrew; Nijhawan, Romi; Kanai, Ryota; Shimojo, Shinsuke (2008). "Perceiving the Present and a Systematization of Illusions". Cognitive Science 32 (3): 459–503. doi:10.1080/03640210802035191. PMID 21635343. http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/2008v32/3/HCOG_A_303687_O.pdf.
- Eagleman, D. M. (2001). "Visual Illusions and Neurobiology". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (12): 920–6. doi:10.1038/35104092. PMID 11733799. http://physiology.elte.hu/gyakorlat/cikkek/Visual%20illusions%20and%20neurobiology.pdf.
- Gregory, Richard (1991). "Putting illusions in their place". Perception 20 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1068/p200001. PMID 1945728.
- Gregory, Richard (1997). "Knowledge in perception and illusion". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352 (1358): 1121–1128. doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0095. PMID 9304679. PMC 1692018. http://www.richardgregory.org/papers/knowl_illusion/knowledge-in-perception.pdf.
- Purves, D.; Lotto, R.B.; Nundy, S. (2002). "Why We See What We Do". American Scientist 90 (3): 236–242. doi:10.1511/2002.9.784.
- Purves, D.; Williams, M. S.; Nundy, S.; Lotto, R. B. (2004). "Perceiving the intensity of light". Psychological Review 111 (1): 142–158. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.142. PMID 14756591. https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_2004-01_111_1/page/n143.
- Renier, L.; Laloyaux, C.; Collignon, O.; Tranduy, D.; Vanlierde, A.; Bruyer, R.; De Volder, A. G. (2005). "The Ponzo illusion using auditory substitution of vision in sighted and early blind subjects". Perception 34 (7): 857–867. doi:10.1068/p5219. PMID 16124271.
- Renier, L.; Bruyer, R.; De Volder, A. G. (2006). "Vertical-horizontal illusion present for sighted but not early blind humans using auditory substitution of vision". Perception & Psychophysics 68 (4): 535–542. doi:10.3758/bf03208756. PMID 16933419.
- Yang, Z.; Purves, D. (2003). "A statistical explanation of visual space". Nature Neuroscience 6 (6): 632–640. doi:10.1038/nn1059. PMID 12754512.
- Dixon, E.; Shapiro, A.; Lu, Z. (2014). "Scale-Invariance in brightness illusions implicates object-level visual processing". Scientific Reports 4: 3900. doi:10.1038/srep03900. PMID 24473496. PMC 3905277. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3905277.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
tahrir- Purves, Dale (2008). "Visual illusions:An Empirical Explanation". Scholarpedia 3 (6): 3706. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3706.
- David Cycleback. 2018. Understanding Human Minds and Their Limits. Publisher Bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-2286-6