Vikipediya

Syzygium aromaticum

Syzygium aromaticum- Mirtadoshlar, oilasiga mansub gulli o'simlik. Vatani Indoneziyadagi Maluku orollari (yoki Molukkas), odatda tish pastasi, sovun, kosmetika vositasi, ziravor, xushbo'y hid beruvchi sifatida ishlatiladi[1][2][3].

Qalampirmunchoq
Ilmiy tasniflash
O‘simliklar
Yuksak oʻsimliklar
Gulli oʻsimliklar
Ikki urugʻpallalilar
Rosids
Myrtales
Mirtadoshlar
Syzygium
S. aromaticum
Binar nomi
Syzygium aromaticum

Sinonimlar
  • Caryophyllus aromaticus L.
  • Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill.
  • Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.
  • Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G.Harrison
  • Jambosa caryophyllus (Thunb.) Nied.

Etimologiya

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Clove so'zi lotincha clavus "tirnoq" so'zidan kelib chiqqan[4].

Botanik xususiyatlari

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Qalampirmunchoq bo‘yi 8-12 metrgacha o'sadigan doimiy yashil daraxt, barglari katta. Gullari qizil rangda, to‘pgullarda ochiladi. Gul kurtaklari dastlab och rangga ega bo'lib, asta-sekin yashil rangga aylanadi, so'ngra hosilga tayyor boʻlganda yorqin qizil rangga kiradi. Qalampirmunchoq kurtaklari uzunligi 1,5-2 sm ga yetganda yig‘ib olinadi.

Foydalanadi

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Quritilgan qalampirmunchoq
 
Qalampirmunchoq daraxti gul kurtaklari

Qalampirmunchoq Osiyo, Afrika, O'rta yer dengizi, Yaqin va O'rta Sharq mamlakatlari oshxonasida go'sht (pishirilgan jambon kabi), kori va marinadlarga, shuningdek mevalarga (olma, nok va rovon kabi) ta‘m berish uchun ishlatiladi. Qalampirmunchoq ko'pincha limon va shakar kabi boshqa ingredientlar bilan birlashtirilgan issiq ichimliklarga hid va maza berish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.

Meksika oshxonasida qalampirmunchoqlar ko'pincha zira va doljin bilan birga ishlatiladi[5]. Ular, shuningdek, Peru oshxonasida, karapulkra va arroz kon leche kabi turli xil taomlarda ishlatiladi.

Chinnigullar ta'mi kimyoviy evgenol[6] tomonidan ta'minlanadi. U doljin, xushbo'y qalampir, vanil, qizil sharob, rayhan, piyoz, sitrus qobig'i, yulduzcha qizilmiya va qalampir no'xatlari bilan yaxshi mos keladi.

Pazandachilikdan tashqari foydalanish

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Ziravorlar Indoneziyada kretek deb nomlangan sigaretada ishlatiladi[7]. Qalampirmunchoq sigaretlari butun Yevropa, Osiyo va Qo'shma Shtatlarda chekilgan.

Qalampirmunchoq efir moyi har xil turdagi oziq-ovqatlarda mog'or o'sishini oldini olish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin[8]. Undan madaniy merosni saqlash tizimida yog'ochni himoya qilish uchun foydalanish mumkin[9]. Qalampirmunchoq apelsin bilan aralashtirilib xushbo'y pomander qilish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Viktoriya davridagi Angliyada sovg'a sifatida berilgan, bunday pomander tuyg'uning iliqligini ko'rsatgan.

 
Chinnigullar quyoshda quritiladi

Potentsial dorivor foydalanish va salbiy ta'sirlar

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Qalampirmunchoqni dorivor maqsadlarda ishlatish AQSh oziq-ovqat va farmatsevtika idorasi tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan va uni jigar kasalligi, qon ivishi, immun tizimi kasalliklari yoki oziq-ovqat allergiyasi boʻlgan odamlar og'iz orqali qabul qilsalar, nojo‘ya ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin[2].

Qalampirmunchoqlar an'anaviy tibbiyotda efir moyi ko‘rinishida ishlatiladi, u analgetik sifatida, asosan, stomatologik favqulodda vaziyatlarda va boshqa kasalliklar uchun ishlatiladi[10]. Evgenolni o'z ichiga olgan qalampirmunchoq yog'i tish og'rig'i va boshqa og'riqlar uchun samarali foyda berishi haqida dalillar mavjud[2][11][12]. Qalsmpormunchoq efir moyi Enterococcus faecalis bakteriyalarining ko'payishiga to'sqinlik qilishi mumkin[13].

Uning ustida o‘tkazilgan isitmani pasaytirish, chivinlarga qarshi vosita sifatida samaradorligini aniqlash va erta eyakulyatsiyani oldini olishi bo‘yicha tadqiqotlar natijasiz bo'ldi[2][11]. Qondagi qand miqdori qalampirmunchoq yoki qalampirmunchoq yog'i bilan kamayadimi, bu isbotlanmagan[11]. Efir moyi aromaterapiyada ishlatilishi mumkin[2].

Tarix

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Hind okeanidagi avstroneziya proto-tarixiy va tarixiy dengiz savdo tarmog'i [14]

Mustamlaka davrigacha qalampirmunchoq faqat Molukkadagi (tarixda ziravorlar orollari deb ataladigan) bir nechta orollarda, jumladan Bakan, Makian, Moti, Ternate va Tidorda o'sgan[15]. Mutaxassislarning fikricha, Ternatedagi dunyodagi eng qadimgi qalampirmunchoq Afo laqabli daraxt 350-400 yoshda bo'lishi mumkin[16].

 
Qalampirmunchoq daraxti

Qalampirmunchoqlar dastlab avstroneziya xalqlari tomonidan Avstroneziya dengiz savdo tarmog'ida sotilgan (bu miloddan avvalgi 1500-yillarda boshlangan, keyinchalik Dengiz ipak yo'li va ziravorlar savdosining bir qismiga aylangan). Zamonaviy qalampirmunchoq yetishtirishning birinchi mashhur namunasi Madagaskarning sharqiy qirg'og'ida rivojlangan[17].

 
Syzygium aromaticum

Arxeolog Giorgio Buccellati Suriyaning Terqa shahrida miloddan avvalgi 1720-yilga tegishli boʻlgan yonib ketgan uyda qalampirmunchoqlarni topdi. Bu qalampirmunchoq Rim davridan oldin g'arbda ishlatilganligining birinchi dalili edi. Bu kashfiyot haqida birinchi marta 1978-yilda xabar berilgan[18][19][20]. Ular eramizning birinchi asrida Rimda tarqalgan[21][22][23].

Qalampirmunchoqning yana bir arxeologik topilmasi Shri-Lankadagi savdo portida eramizdan avvalgi 900-1100 yillarga oid buyumlar orasida topilgan[24]. Song sulolasi davrida (milodiy 960-1279 yillar) Xitoy yozuvlaridan qalampirmunchoq asosan Yava, Shrivijaya, Champa va Butuan, Molukkadan olib kelingan[25].

Qalampirmunchoqlar Xitoy, Shri-Lanka, Janubiy Hindiston, Fors va Ummonda miloddan avvalgi III asrdan II asrgacha boʻlgan yozuvlarda ham mavjud edi[21][22][23]. Xitoy, Janubiy Osiyo va Yaqin Sharqda aytilgan "qalampirmunchoq" haqidagi bu eslatmalar Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo dengiz savdosi paydo bo'lishidan oldin qayd etilgan. Ammo bularning barchasi boshqa o'simliklarga tegishli noto'g'ri identifikatsiyalardir (masalan, dolchin yoki muskat yong'og'i )[25].

Mustamlaka davrida qalampirmunchoq neft kabi sotilgan va eksportga cheklov qo'yilgan[16]. Gollandiyaning Sharqiy Hindiston kompaniyasi XVII asrda ziravorlar savdosi ustidan nazoratni mustahkamlaganligi sababli, ular muskat yong'og'ida boʻlgani kabi, qalampirmunchoq uchun ham monopoliyaga ega bo'lishga intilishdi. Biroq, " Bandas hududi bilan chegaralangan muskat yong'og'i va macedan farqli o'laroq, qalampirmunchoq daraxtlari butun Moluccas bo'ylab o'sgan"[26]. Sayyohlarga aytilishicha, aynan shu daraxtning ko'chatlari 1770-yilda Per Poivre ismli fransuz tomonidan o'g'irlangan, keyinroq esa bir vaqtlar qalampirmunchoq yetishtiruvchi dunyodagi eng yirik eksportchi boʻlgan Zanzibarga ko'chirilgan[16].

Qalampirmunchoq ishlab chiqarishda hozirgi yetakchilar Indoneziya, Madagaskar, Tanzaniya, Shri-Lanka va Komor orollaridir[27]. Indoneziya eng yirik qalampirmunchoq ishlab chiqaruvchisi hisoblanadi, lekin ular ishlab chiqaradigan qalampirmunchoqning faqat kichik bir qismini eksport qiladi, bu mamlakat qalampirmunchoq ishlab chiqarishining taxminan 10-15% ni tashkil qiladi[27].

Fitokimyoviy moddalar

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Eugenol birikmasi qalampirmunchoqning xarakterli xushbo'yligi uchun javobgardir

Eugenol chinnigullardan olingan efir moyining 72-90% ni tashkil qiladi va chinnigullar aromati uchun eng mas'ul boʻlgan birikma hisoblanadi[6][28]. To'liq ekstraktsiya 125 °C (257 °F) da bosimli suvda 80 daqiqada sodir bo'ladi[29][30].

 
Syzygium aromaticum mevalari
 
Ovqat uchun ishlatiladigan qalampirmunchoq

Qalampirmunchoq yog'ining boshqa fitokimyoviy moddalariga atsetil evgenol, beta- karyofilin, vanilin, krategol kislotasi, taninlar, bikornin[6][31], gallotanik kislota, metil salitsilat, flavonoidlar, eugenin, kaempferin, eugenin, terpenni, eugenin, oleanolik kislota, stigmasterol va campesterol kiradi[2][32].

Galereya

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  •  
    Kretek, Indoneziyada mashhur qalampirmunchoq sigaretasi.
  •  
    Apelsinda pomander sifatida ishlatiladigan qalampirmunchoq
  •  
    Gul kurtaklari quritilishdan oldin
  •  
    Qalampirmunchoq
  •  
    Quritilayotgan gul kurtaklari

Yana qarang

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Manbalar

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  1. ↑ „Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry“. Kew Science, Plants of the World Online (2021). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 28-fevral.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 „Clove“. Drugs.com (2018-yil 5-mart). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 9-noyabr.
  3. ↑ Yun, Wonjung. „Tight Stocks of Quality Cloves Lead to a Price Surge“. Tridge (2018-yil 13-avgust). 2018-yil 14-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 13-avgust.
  4. ↑ Uchibayashi, M. (2001). "[Etymology of clove]". Yakushigaku Zasshi 36 (2): 167–170. ISSN 0285-2314. PMID 11971288. 
  5. ↑ Dorenburg, Andrew and Page, Karen.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Kamatou, G. P.; Vermaak, I.; Viljoen, A. M. (2012). "Eugenol--from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule". Molecules 17 (6): 6953–81. doi:10.3390/molecules17066953. PMID 22728369. PMC 6268661. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6268661. 
  7. ↑ "Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  8. ↑ Ju, Jian; Xu, Xiaomiao; Xie, Yunfei; Guo, Yahui; Cheng, Yuliang; Qian, He; Yao, Weirong (2018). "Inhibitory effects of cinnamon and clove essential oils on mold growth on baked foods" (en). Food Chemistry 240: 850–855. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.120. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308814617312736. 
  9. ↑ Pop, Dana-Mihaela; Timar, Maria Cristina; Varodi, Anca Maria; Beldean, Emanuela Carmen (December 2021). "An evaluation of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil as a potential alternative antifungal wood protection system for cultural heritage conservation" (en). Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 24. doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2022000100411. ISSN 0718-221X. http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-221X2022000100411&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es. 
  10. ↑ Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 „Clove“. MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health (2014). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 18-avgust.
  12. ↑ Taberner-Vallverdú, M.; Nazir, M.; Sanchez-Garces, M. Á.; Gay-Escoda, C. (2015). "Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket management: A systematic review". Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal 20 (5): e633–e639. doi:10.4317/medoral.20589. PMID 26116842. PMC 4598935. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4598935. 
  13. ↑ "Effectiveness of Mixed Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum) And Sweet Wood (Cinnamon Burmanni) on the Growth of Enterococcus Faecalis". Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 16 (1). 2022. doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17639. https://medicopublication.com/index.php/ijfmt/article/view/17639. 
  14. ↑ Manguin, Pierre-Yves „Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships“, . Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World Campbell: . Palgrave Macmillan, 2016 — 51–76-bet. ISBN 9783319338224. 
  15. ↑ Turner, Jack. Spice: The History of a Temptation. Vintage Books, 2004 — xxvii–xxviii-bet. ISBN 978-0-375-70705-6. 
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Worrall, Simon. „The world's oldest clove tree“. BBC News Magazine (2012-yil 23-iyun). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-iyun.
  17. ↑ Arimalala, Natacha; Penot, Eric; Michels, Thierry; Rakotoarimanana, Vonjison; Michel, Isabelle; Ravaomanalina, Harisoa; Roger, Edmond; Jahiel, Michel et al. (August 2019). "Clove based cropping systems on the east coast of Madagascar: how history leaves its mark on the landscape" (en). Agroforestry Systems 93 (4): 1577–1592. doi:10.1007/s10457-018-0268-9. ISSN 0167-4366. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10457-018-0268-9. 
  18. ↑ Buccellati, G., M. Kelly-Buccellati, The Terqa Archaeological Project: First Preliminary Report., Les Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes 27-28, 1977-78, 71-96
  19. ↑ Buccellati, G., M. Kelly-Buccellati, Terqa: The First Eight Seasons, Les Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes 33(2), 1983, 47-67
  20. ↑ Terqa - A Narrative terqa.org
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Mahdi, Waruno „Linguistic and philological data towards a chronology of Austronesian activity in India and Sri Lanka“, . Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation Blench: . Routledge, 2003 — 160–240-bet. ISBN 9781134816248. 
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Ardika, I Wayan „Bali in the Global Contacts and the Rise of Complex Society“, . Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective Prasetyo: . UGM Press, 2021 — 196-bet. ISBN 9786023862023. 
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 „Cloves“. Silk Routes. The University of Iowa. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 24-yanvar.
  24. ↑ Kingwell-Banham. „World's oldest clove? Here's what our find in Sri Lanka says about the early spice trade“ (en). The Conversation.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Ptak, Roderich (January 1993). "China and the Trade in Cloves, Circa 960-1435". Journal of the American Oriental Society 113 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/604192. 
  26. ↑ Krondl, Michael.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Pratama, Adnan Putra; Darwanto, Dwidjono Hadi; Masyhuri, Masyhuri (2020-02-01). "Indonesian Clove Competitiveness and Competitor Countries in International Market". Economics Development Analysis Journal 9 (1): 39–54. doi:10.15294/edaj.v9i1.38075. ISSN 2252-6560. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/edaj/article/view/38075. 
  28. ↑ „Eugenol“. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine (2019-yil 2-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 10-noyabr.
  29. ↑ Rovio, S.; Hartonen, K.; Holm, Y.; Hiltunen, R.; Riekkola, M.‐L. (7 February 2000). "Extraction of clove using pressurized hot water". Flavour and Fragrance Journal 14 (6): 399–404. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199911/12)14:6<399::AID-FFJ851>3.0.CO;2-A. 
  30. ↑ Khalil, A.A.; ur Rahman, U.; Khan, M.R.; Sahar, A.; Mehmood, T.; Khan, M. (2017). "Essential oil eugenol: sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives". RSC Advances 7 (52): 32669–32681. doi:10.1039/C7RA04803C. 
  31. ↑ Li-Ming Bao, Eerdunbayaer; Nozaki, Akiko; Takahashi, Eizo; Okamoto, Keinosuke; Ito, Hideyuki; Hatano, Tsutomu (2012). "Hydrolysable tannins isolated from Syzygium aromaticum: Structure of a new c-glucosidic ellagitannin and spectral features of tannins with a tergalloyl group". Heterocycles 85 (2): 365–381. doi:10.3987/COM-11-12392. 
  32. ↑ Gueretz, Juliano Santos; Somensi, Cleder Alexandre; Martins, Maurício Laterça; Souza, Antonio Pereira de (2017-12-07). "Evaluation of eugenol toxicity in bioassays with test-organisms". Ciência Rural 47 (12). doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20170194. ISSN 1678-4596. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782017001200403&lng=en&tlng=en.  
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