Umumiylik rejasi
Umumiylik rejasi (inglizcha: Totality) — SSSRga qarshi yashirin harbiy reja (baʼzi manbalarga koʻra, profilaktika, boshqalarga koʻra — mudofaa[1]) va prezident Garri Trumanning buyrugʻi bilan amerikalik general Duayt Eyzenxauerning shtab-kvartirasida ishlab chiqilgan[2]. Rejani ishlab chiqish 1945-yil oktyabr oyida boshlangan[3]. Bu Amerika favqulodda harbiy rejalari qatorida birinchi o‘rinni ifodalaydi[4][5].
Keyingi tadqiqotlar
tahrirMichio Kaku va Daniel Axelrodning kitobida „Totality“ deb nomlangan reja bilan bir qatorda „Cheklangan havo hujumi uchun SSSRning strategik zaifligi“ tadqiqoti (inglizcha: Strategic Vulnerability of the U.S.S.R. to a Limited Air Attack) (JIC 329/1, 1945-yil dekabr[6][7][8][9]), unda Sovet Ittifoqining 20 ta shahrida 20-30 ta yadro bombasi chiqarilishi taxmin qilingan[10]:
- Gorkiy (Nijniy Novgorod).
- Kybyshev (Samara).
- Sverdlovsk (Ekaterinburg).
- Novosibirsk.
- Omsk.
- Saratov.
- Kazan.
- Leningrad (Sankt-Peterburg).
- Baku.
- Toshkent.
- Chelyabinsk.
- Nijniy Tagil.
- Magnitogorsk.
- Molotov (Perm).
- Tbilisi.
- Stalinsk (Novokuznetsk).
- Groznyy.
- Irkutsk.
- Yaroslavl.
Rejaning ahamiyati
tahrirKeyinchalik, Devid Alan Rozenberg 1979-yilda „Journal of American History“ ilmiy jurnalidagi maqolasida bu rejani dezinformatsion hiyla sifatida taqdim etdi va bunday qarashlarni faqatgina 1946-yilga kelib Qoʻshma Shtatlar oʻz arsenalida toʻqqizta atom bombasi boʻlganligi bilan izohladi. Shuningdek, yigirma yettita B-29 ularni yetkazib berishga qodir va bu reja Trumanning Sovet Ittifoqiga qaratilgan „gigant atom blöfi“ ning bir qismi edi[11].
Sovet va rus tarixchilari nuqtai nazaridan, SSSRda ishlab chiqilgan qarshi choralar (yadroviy boʻlmagan qurollarni, shu jumladan havo hujumidan mudofaa tizimlarini mustahkamlash, oʻzlarining yadro qurollarini yaratish) tufayli bunday rejalar amalga oshirilmadi. AQShning dastlabki tadqiqotlari, shuningdek, SSSRda yadro quroli yoʻq deb taxmin qilingan, ammo ular 1949-yilga kelib ishlab chiqilgan. Bu kabi rejalar qurollanish poygasini va Sovuq urushni kuchaytirdi[12][13][14][15][16]. Qurollanish poygasining asosi boʻlgan 68-sonli Milliy Xavfsizlik Kengashining memorandumi SSSRni atom bombasi bilan bombardimon qilish paytida moʻljallangan nishonlarning toʻliq yoʻq qilinishi ham AQShning Gʻarbdagi quruqlikdagi operatsiyalarining muvaffaqiyatini taʼminlay olmaydi degan taxminga asoslangan edi. Yevropa, lekin Sovet qoʻshinlarini taʼminlashdagi uzilishlar tufayli ularga vaqtinchalik ustunlik beradi[17].
Totality rejasi AQSh rahbariyati tomonidan atom qurolidan foydalangan holda SSSR bilan harbiy operatsiyalar uchun ishlab chiqilgan bir qator harbiy rejalarga olib keldi, masalan: „Pincher“ (1946-yil mart-iyun[18])[19][20], „Broyler“ (1947), Bushvaker (1948), Krank mili (1948), Yarim oy (1948)), „Flitvud“ (1948), Cogwill (1948), Offtack (1948), „Chariotir“ (1948), Dropshot (1949), „Troyan“ (1949 yil)[21][22]
Manbalar
tahrir- ↑ U. S. Forces in the European Theater, G3. „Plan TOTALITY: Alert Plan for Defense in the Event of Aggression. Germany.“ Jan. 1946, MHI (13 stranits) — snoska № 6 iz James Jay Carafano. Waltzing Into the Cold War: The Struggle for Occupied Austria, 2002 isbn 9781585442133 str 136 "McNarney’s headquaters drafted "Totality, " an action plan to be implemented if forces in Austria and Germany were threatened by „other powers.“ 6 Totality envisioned consolidating USFA with the troops in Germany and withdrawing to Bremen or the Cotentin Peninsula or Marseille in France.", 214
- ↑ Michio Kaku, Daniel Axelrod, Afterword by Axelrod. To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon's Secret War Plans. Black Rose Books Ltd., 1987. ISBN 978-0-921689-07-2.
- ↑ John Francis Nejez Bradley, „World War III, strategies, tactics and weapons“ — Crescent Books, N. Y., 1982;(ingl.) 256 stranits, str 78: „As early as October 1945 President Truman ordered General Dwight D. Eisenhower, .. to prepare a contingency plan, Totality, for war against Soviet Russia in Europe“
- ↑ David M. Kunsman and Douglas B. Lawson, A Primer on U. S. Strategic Nuclear Policy — Sandia report SAND2001-0053, January 2001: "NATIONAL WAR PLANS AND POLICIES — 1945 President Harry S. TRUMAN; Secretary of Defense Henry L. Stimson; National War Plan „TOTALITY“"
- ↑ Phillip Bobbitt (University of Texas School of Law), Deterrence and American national security — Power and Policy in Quest of the Law: Essays in Honor of Eugene Victor Rostow, 1985 ISBN 9024729114
- ↑ „Body“. 2018-yil 8-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 10-dekabr.
- ↑ https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/summer00/art06.html (Wayback Machine saytida 2020-10-17 sanasida arxivlangan) — Nuclear War Planning "The next JIC estimate of the Soviet Union, JIC 329, written only two months after the official cessation of hostilities against Japan, focused on Soviet vulnerability to a limited attack with atomic weapons.30 "
- ↑ JIC 329, Strategic Vulnerability of the U. S.S. R. to a Limited Air Attack, 3 November 1945, ABC Russia (22 August 1943) Sec. 1-A, RG 165, NACP.
- ↑ Steven T. Ross. American War Plans 1945-1950, 2013, p.31
- ↑ Michio Kaku and Daniel Axelrod, „To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagonʼs Secret War Plans“, Boston, South End Press, 1987, p. 30-31.
- ↑ Rosenberg, David A (June 1979). „American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision“. The Journal of American History (66.1): p.62-87. doi:10.2307/1894674
- ↑ D. T. Yazov. Karibskiy krizis. 50 let spustya // M.: Tsentrpoligraf. — 2015. — 456 s. — ISBN 978-5-227-05130-1.
- ↑ A. S. Feklisov. Ruzvelt, Kennedi, sovetskaya agentura // M.: Algoritm. — 2011. — 360s. ISBN 978-5-6994-6002-1.
- ↑ A. A. Gromiko, B. N. Ponomarev. Istoriya vneshney politiki SSSR. 1917—1985 / Tom 2 // M.: Nauka. — 1981. — 590 s. (S. 22-33, 85-96, 97-105)
- ↑ N. N. Yakovlev. TsRU protiv SSSR // M.: Pravda. — 1983. — 464 s. (S. 54-61)
- ↑ G. A. Arbatov. Sovremennaya vneshnyaya politika SShA / Tom 1 // M.: Nauka. — 1984. — 472 s. (S. 285—290)
- ↑ Пол Нитце. NSC-68 forging the strategy of containment. Вашингтон: US Government Printing Office, 1994, 1996 — 69-bet. ISBN 978-1-4289-8170-6.
- ↑ A Guide to Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Part II: 1946-1953 The Soviet Union, 1979 0-89093-290-5 "Concept of Operations for „PINCHER“: Plan for the Defeat of the U. S.S. R. 1946-1949"
- ↑ Gian P. Gentile, Planning for Preventive War, 1945 −1950, Joint Force Quarterly — Spring 2000, Commonwealth Institute Website(ingl.)
- ↑ History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945 — 1947 — str 74, Joint Basic Outline War Plan PINCHER
- ↑ Pochemu ne bili realizovani plani po yadernoy bombardirovke SSSR, 03.12.2015 g. Sergey Varshavchik. MIA „Rossiya segodnya“.
- ↑ Plan „Troyan“: 300 atomnix bomb na SSSR, 02.01.2015 g. Valeriy Burt. „Svobodnaya Pressa“.
Havolalar
tahrir- Sergey Varshavchik . Nima uchun SSSRni yadroviy bombardimon qilish rejalari amalga oshirilmadi // RIA Novosti, 03.12.2015
- Dropshot oʻtmishdoshlari / Aleksandr Mosesov, Aurika Yatsko. IA „TASS“
- Potsdamdan Ufaga / Replika dasturining 2015 yil 15 iyuldagi chiqishi / Rossiya-24 telekanali