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Yevro hudud

Yevro hudud[8], koʻpincha yevrozona (EZ) deb ataladi. bu Yevropa Ittifoqining (YeI) 20 aʼzo davlatidan iborat valuta ittifoqidir. Ular yevroni (€) asosiy valuta va yagona qonuniy toʻlov vositasi sifatida qabul qilgan va shu bilan birga EMU (Iqtisodiyot va Valyuta Ittifoqi) siyosatini toʻliq joriy etgan davlatlardir.

Yevro hudud
Andoza:Eurozone labelled map interior
Policy of Yevropa Ittifoqi
Turi Valyuta ittifoqi
Valyuta Yevro
Tashkil etilgan sana 1999-yil 1-yanvar
Aʼzolar
Governance
Monetary authority Yevrosistema
Political oversight Yevroguruh
Statistics
Hudud 2,801,552 km2 (1,081,685 kv mi)[1]
Aholi 350,077,581 (January 1, 2024)[2]
Density 125/km2 (323.7/sq mi)
GDP (nominal) €14.372 trillion
€40,990 (per capita) (2023)[3]
Interest rate 4.00%[4]
Inflation 2.4% (March 2024)[5]
Unemployment 6.5% (February 2024)[6]
Trade balance €310 billion trade surplus[7]

Yevrozonaning 20 ta aʼzolari quyidagilardan iborat:

Avstriya, Belgiya, Xorvatiya, Kipr, Estoniya, Finlandiya, Fransiya, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Irlandiya, Italiya, Latviya, Litva, Lyuksemburg, Malta, Niderlandiya, Portugaliya, Slovakiya, Sloveniya va Ispaniya.

Yevrozona aʼzosi boʻlmagan Yevropa Ittifoqining yetti davlati Bolgariya, Chexiya, Daniya, Vengriya, Polsha, Ruminiya va Shvetsiya bor. Ushbu davlatlar oʻz milliy valutalaridan foydalanishda davom etmoqda. Ammo Daniyadan tashqari barcha davlatlar yevroga oʻtish mezonlarini bajarganidan keyin yevrozona aʼzoligiga qoʻshilish majburiyatiga ega[9].

Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo boʻlmagan davlatlar orasida Andorra, Monako, San-Marino va Vatikan shahri Yevropa Ittifoqi bilan rasmiy kelishuvlar asosida yevroni oʻzining rasmiy valutasi sifatida qabul qilgan va oʻz tangalarini chiqaradi[10][11][12]. Bundan tashqari, Kosovo va Chernogoriya bir tomonlama yevroni qabul qilgan. Ular oʻz valutasini ishlab chiqarmasdan, muomaladagi yevrolardan foydalanadi[13]. Ammo bu olti mamlakat yevrozona institutlarida hech qanday vakillikka ega emas[14].

Yevrosistema yevrozonaning moliyaviy hokimiyatidir. Yevroguruh esa valyuta ittifoqi uchun moliyaviy siyosat ishlab chiqadigan moliya vazirlaridan iborat norasmiy tashkilotdir. Yevropa Markaziy Banklari Tizimi yevrozona va yevrozona aʼzosi boʻlmagan YeI aʼzolari oʻrtasidagi moliyaviy va monetar hamkorlik uchun mas’uldir. Yevropa Markaziy Banki (YMB) yevrozona uchun pul-kredit siyosatini ishlab chiqadi. Shuningdek, tashkilot asosiy foiz stavkasini belgilaydi va yevro banknotlari va tangalarini chiqaradi.

2007-2008-yillardagi moliyaviy inqirozdan soʻng, tashkilot aʼzo davlatlarga iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirish evaziga kreditlar berish boʻyicha qoidalar oʻrnatdi[15]. Shuningdek, yevrozona ayrim cheklangan moliyaviy integratsiyalarni amalga oshirdi. Masalan, milliy byujetlarni oʻzaro tekshirish boshlandi. Bu masala siyosiy xarakterga ega va yevrozonadagi oʻzgarishlari boʻyicha kelishuvlar hali ham noaniq qolmoqda. Hozirgacha hech bir yevrozona aʼzosi tashkilotdan chiqmagan va chiqish yoki chiqarib yuborish uchun hech qanday qoidalar mavjud emas[16].

Hudud

tahrir

Yevrozona

tahrir

1998-yilda Yevropa Ittifoqining oʻn bir davlati yevroga oʻtish mezonlarini bajardi. 1999-yil 1-yanvarda yevro (milliy valutalar bilan bir qatorda) rasmiy ravishda muomalaga chiqarilishi bilan yevrozona tashkil topdi. Ushbu davlatlar Avstriya, Belgiya, Finlandiya, Fransiya, Germaniya, Irlandiya, Italiya, Lyuksemburg, Niderlandiya, Portugaliya va Ispaniya edi. Gretsiya 2000-yilda mezonlarni bajardi va 2001-yil 1-yanvarda tashkilotga qabul qilindi.

Ushbu oʻn ikki asoschi aʼzo davlatlar 2002-yil 1-yanvarda yevro banknotlari va tangalarini joriy etdi. Qisqa oʻtish davridan soʻng, ular oʻz milliy tangalari va banknotlarini muomaladan chiqardi.

2007-yildan 2023-yilgacha sakkizta yangi davlat yevrozona aʼzosi boʻldi: Xorvatiya, Kipr, Estoniya, Latviya, Litva, Malta, Slovakiya va Sloveniya.

Mamlakat ISO kodi 1-yanvarda joriy etgan 2021-yilgi aholisi[2] 2021-yilda nominal Yalpi Milliy Mahsulot (YMM) million AQSh dollarida[17] yevrozona umumiy YMMsining ulushida 2021-yilda jon boshiga toʻgʻri keladigan nominal YMM AQSh dollarida yevrogacha foydalanilgan valyuta Yevroning yevrodan avvalgi valyuta bilan almashinuv kursi[18] Yevrodan avvalgi valyuta ishlatilgan hududlar Yevro muomalada boʻlmagan hududlar
  Avstriya AT 1999[19] 8,932,664 472 3,27% 53 schilling 13.7603
  Belgiya BE 1999[19] 11,554,767 585 4,05% 51 franc 40.3399 Luxembourg
  Xorvatiya HR 2023[20] 4,036,355 69 0,48% 17 kuna 7.53450
  Kipr Respublikasi CY 2008[21] 896 26 0,18% 29 pound 0.585274 Shimoliy Kipr[lower-alpha 1]
  Estoniya EE 2011[22] 1,330,068 35 0,24% 26 kroon 15.6466
  Finlandiya FI 1999[19] 5,533,793 296 2,05% 54 markka 5.94573
  Fransiya FR 1999[19] 67,656,682 2,991,553 20,69% 44 franc 6.55957 Andorra
Monaco 		New Caledonia[lower-alpha 2]
French Polynesia[lower-alpha 2]
Wallis and Futuna[lower-alpha 2]
  Germaniya DE 1999[19] 83,155,031 4,298,325 29,72% 50 Mark 1.95583 Kosovo
Montenegro
  Gretsiya GR[lower-alpha 3] 2001[23] 10,678,632 213 1,47% 20 drachma 340.750
  Irlandiya IE 1999[19] 5,006,324 383 2,65% 80 pound 0.787564
  Italiya IT 1999[19] 59,236,213 2,127,119 14,71% 36 lira 1936.27 San Marino
Vatican City
  Latviya LV 2014[24] 1,893,223 37 0,26% 20 lats 0.702804
  Litva LT 2015[25] 2,795,680 61 0,42% 22 litas 3.45280
  Lyuksemburg LU 1999[19] 630 56 0,39% 89 franc 40.3399 Belgium
  Malta MT 2008[26] 500 16 0,11% 31 lira 0.429300
  Niderlandiya NL 1999[19] 17,475,415 968 6,69% 55 guilder 2.20371 Aruba[lower-alpha 4]
Curaçao[lower-alpha 5]
Sint Maarten[lower-alpha 5]
Caribbean Netherlands[lower-alpha 6]
  Portugaliya PT 1999[19] 10,298,252 247 1,71% 24 escudo 200.482
  Slovakiya SK 2009[27] 5,459,781 112 0,78% 21 koruna 30.1260
  Sloveniya SI 2007[28] 2,108,977 60 0,41% 28 tolar 239.640
  Ispaniya ES 1999[19] 47,398,695 1,407,936 9,74% 30 peseta 166.386 Andorra
Yevrozona EZ[lower-alpha 7] — 346,597,389[lower-alpha 8] 14,461,883 100,00% 42 — — —

Manbalar

tahrir
  1. ↑ Land cover overview by NUTS 2 regions Eurostat
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 „Population on 1 January“. Eurostat.
  3. ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named europa1
  4. ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named interest rates
  5. ↑ Euro area annual inflation and its main components – estimated Eurostat
  6. ↑ Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total Eurostat
  7. ↑ „Eurozone Current Account Surplus Falls In December“ (2022-yil 18-fevral).
  8. ↑ „Countries, languages, currencies“. Interinstitutional style guide. the EU Publications Office. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 2-fevral.The euro area (Wayback Machine saytida 6 August 2013 sanasida arxivlangan), European Central Bank
  9. ↑ „Who can join and when?“. European Commission – European Commission. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 2-dekabr.
  10. ↑ „Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra)“. European Communities (2004-yil 30-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 12-sentyabr.
  11. ↑ „The government announces a contest for the design of the Andorran euros“. Andorra Mint (2013-yil 19-mart). 2013-yil 22-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 26-mart.
  12. ↑ „Nouvelles d'Andorre“ (fr) (2013-yil 1-fevral). 2013-yil 4-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 2-fevral.
  13. ↑ „The euro outside the euro area“. Europa (web portal). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 15-fevral.
  14. ↑ A glossary ((Wayback Machine saytida 14 May 2013 sanasida arxivlangan)) issued by the ECB defines „euro area“, without mention of Monaco, San Marino, or the Vatican.
  15. ↑ „Financial assistance to EU Member States | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament“ (en). www.europarl.europa.eu (2024-yil 30-aprel). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 30-avgust.
  16. ↑ Fox, Benjamin. „Dutch PM: Eurozone needs exit clause“ (2013-yil 1-fevral). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 18-iyun.
  17. ↑ „GNI, Atlas method (current US$) | Data | Table (updated 2022-12-22)“. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 1-yanvar.
  18. ↑ „EU countries and the euro“. European Commission. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 2-dekabr.
  19. ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 "COUNCIL DECISION of 3 May 1998 in accordance with Article 109j(4) of the Treaty". Official Journal of the European Union L (139/30). 11 May 1998. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31998D0317&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  20. ↑ "Council Decision (EU) 2022/1211 of 12 July 2022 on the adoption by Croatia of the euro on 1 January 2023". Official Journal of the European Union L (187/31). 12 July 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022D1211&qid=1664779252884. Qaraldi: 2 January 2023. Yevro hudud]]
  21. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 10 July 2007 in accordance with Article 122(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Cyprus of the single currency on 1 January 2008". Official Journal of the European Union L (186/29). 18 July 2007. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32007D0503&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  22. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 13 July 2010 in accordance with Article 140(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Estonia of the euro on 1 January 2011". Official Journal of the European Union L (196/24). 28 July 2010. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010D0416&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  23. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 19 June 2000 in accordance with Article 122(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Greece of the single currency on 1 January 2001". Official Journal of the European Union L (167/19). 7 July 2000. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32000D0427&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  24. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 9 July 2013 on the adoption by Latvia of the euro on 1 January 2014". Official Journal of the European Union L (195/24). 18 July 2013. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013D0387&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  25. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 23 July 2014 on the adoption by Lithuania of the euro on 1 January 2015". Official Journal of the European Union L (228/29). 31 July 2014. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014D0509&from=EN. Qaraldi: 31 December 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  26. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 10 July 2007 in accordance with Article 122(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Malta of the single currency on 1 January 2008". Official Journal of the European Union L (186/32). 18 July 2007. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32007D0504&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  27. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 8 July 2008 in accordance with Article 122(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Slovakia of the single currency on 1 January 2009". Official Journal of the European Union L (195/24). 24 July 2008. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008D0608&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]
  28. ↑ "COUNCIL DECISION of 11 July 2006 in accordance with Article 122(2) of the Treaty on the adoption by Slovenia of the single currency on 1 January 2007". Official Journal of the European Union L (195/25). 15 July 2006. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006D0495&from=EN. Qaraldi: 27 October 2014. Yevro hudud]]


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